podman cp: support copying on tmpfs mounts

Traditionally, the path resolution for containers has been resolved on
the *host*; relative to the container's mount point or relative to
specified bind mounts or volumes.

While this works nicely for non-running containers, it poses a problem
for running ones.  In that case, certain kinds of mounts (e.g., tmpfs)
will not resolve correctly.  A tmpfs is held in memory and hence cannot
be resolved relatively to the container's mount point.  A copy operation
will succeed but the data will not show up inside the container.

To support these kinds of mounts, we need to join the *running*
container's mount namespace (and PID namespace) when copying.

Note that this change implies moving the copy and stat logic into
`libpod` since we need to keep the container locked to avoid race
conditions.  The immediate benefit is that all logic is now inside
`libpod`; the code isn't scattered anymore.

Further note that Docker does not support copying to tmpfs mounts.

Tests have been extended to cover *both* path resolutions for running
and created containers.  New tests have been added to exercise the
tmpfs-mount case.

For the record: Some tests could be improved by using `start -a` instead
of a start-exec sequence.  Unfortunately, `start -a` is flaky in the CI
which forced me to use the more expensive start-exec option.

Signed-off-by: Valentin Rothberg <rothberg@redhat.com>

9 files changed, 537 insertions, 28 deletions

diff --git a/libpod/container.go b/libpod/container.go
index ee6e243ac..65abbfd5e 100644
--- a/libpod/container.go
+++ b/libpod/container.go
@@ -904,6 +904,12 @@ func (c *Container) NamespacePath(linuxNS LinuxNS) (string, error) { //nolint:in
 		}
 	}
 
+	return c.namespacePath(linuxNS)
+}
+
+// namespacePath returns the path of one of the container's namespaces
+// If the container is not running, an error will be returned
+func (c *Container) namespacePath(linuxNS LinuxNS) (string, error) { //nolint:interfacer
 	if c.state.State != define.ContainerStateRunning && c.state.State != define.ContainerStatePaused {
 		return "", errors.Wrapf(define.ErrCtrStopped, "cannot get namespace path unless container %s is running", c.ID())
 	}
diff --git a/libpod/container_api.go b/libpod/container_api.go
index 2818ac841..6fa8b27cd 100644
--- a/libpod/container_api.go
+++ b/libpod/container_api.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package libpod
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -349,10 +350,6 @@ func (c *Container) Mount() (string, error) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if c.state.State == define.ContainerStateRemoving {
-		return "", errors.Wrapf(define.ErrCtrStateInvalid, "cannot mount container %s as it is being removed", c.ID())
-	}
-
 	defer c.newContainerEvent(events.Mount)
 	return c.mount()
 }
@@ -367,7 +364,6 @@ func (c *Container) Unmount(force bool) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-
 	if c.state.Mounted {
 		mounted, err := c.runtime.storageService.MountedContainerImage(c.ID())
 		if err != nil {
@@ -847,31 +843,59 @@ func (c *Container) ShouldRestart(ctx context.Context) bool {
 	return c.shouldRestart()
 }
 
-// ResolvePath resolves the specified path on the root for the container.  The
-// root must either be the mounted image of the container or the already
-// mounted container storage.
-//
-// It returns the resolved root and the resolved path.  Note that the path may
-// resolve to the container's mount point or to a volume or bind mount.
-func (c *Container) ResolvePath(ctx context.Context, root string, path string) (string, string, error) {
-	logrus.Debugf("Resolving path %q (root %q) on container %s", path, root, c.ID())
+// CopyFromArchive copies the contents from the specified tarStream to path
+// *inside* the container.
+func (c *Container) CopyFromArchive(ctx context.Context, containerPath string, tarStream io.Reader) (func() error, error) {
+	if !c.batched {
+		c.lock.Lock()
+		defer c.lock.Unlock()
 
-	// Minimal sanity checks.
-	if len(root)*len(path) == 0 {
-		return "", "", errors.Wrapf(define.ErrInternal, "ResolvePath: root (%q) and path (%q) must be non empty", root, path)
+		if err := c.syncContainer(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
-	if _, err := os.Stat(root); err != nil {
-		return "", "", errors.Wrapf(err, "cannot locate root to resolve path on container %s", c.ID())
+
+	return c.copyFromArchive(ctx, containerPath, tarStream)
+}
+
+// CopyToArchive copies the contents from the specified path *inside* the
+// container to the tarStream.
+func (c *Container) CopyToArchive(ctx context.Context, containerPath string, tarStream io.Writer) (func() error, error) {
+	if !c.batched {
+		c.lock.Lock()
+		defer c.lock.Unlock()
+
+		if err := c.syncContainer(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
 	}
 
+	return c.copyToArchive(ctx, containerPath, tarStream)
+}
+
+// Stat the specified path *inside* the container and return a file info.
+func (c *Container) Stat(ctx context.Context, containerPath string) (*define.FileInfo, error) {
 	if !c.batched {
 		c.lock.Lock()
 		defer c.lock.Unlock()
 
 		if err := c.syncContainer(); err != nil {
-			return "", "", err
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	var mountPoint string
+	var err error
+	if c.state.Mounted {
+		mountPoint = c.state.Mountpoint
+	} else {
+		mountPoint, err = c.mount()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
+		defer c.unmount(false)
 	}
 
-	return c.resolvePath(root, path)
+	info, _, _, err := c.stat(ctx, mountPoint, containerPath)
+	return info, err
 }
diff --git a/libpod/container_copy_linux.go b/libpod/container_copy_linux.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66ccd2f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpod/container_copy_linux.go
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+// +build linux
+
+package libpod
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+
+	buildahCopiah "github.com/containers/buildah/copier"
+	"github.com/containers/buildah/pkg/chrootuser"
+	"github.com/containers/buildah/util"
+	"github.com/containers/podman/v3/libpod/define"
+	"github.com/containers/storage"
+	"github.com/containers/storage/pkg/idtools"
+	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/archive"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/specs-go"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+func (c *Container) copyFromArchive(ctx context.Context, path string, reader io.Reader) (func() error, error) {
+	var (
+		mountPoint   string
+		resolvedRoot string
+		resolvedPath string
+		unmount      func()
+		err          error
+	)
+
+	// Make sure that "/" copies the *contents* of the mount point and not
+	// the directory.
+	if path == "/" {
+		path = "/."
+	}
+
+	// Optimization: only mount if the container is not already.
+	if c.state.Mounted {
+		mountPoint = c.state.Mountpoint
+		unmount = func() {}
+	} else {
+		// NOTE: make sure to unmount in error paths.
+		mountPoint, err = c.mount()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		unmount = func() { c.unmount(false) }
+	}
+
+	if c.state.State == define.ContainerStateRunning {
+		resolvedRoot = "/"
+		resolvedPath = c.pathAbs(path)
+	} else {
+		resolvedRoot, resolvedPath, err = c.resolvePath(mountPoint, path)
+		if err != nil {
+			unmount()
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	decompressed, err := archive.DecompressStream(reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		unmount()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	idMappings, idPair, err := getIDMappingsAndPair(c, mountPoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		decompressed.Close()
+		unmount()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	logrus.Debugf("Container copy *to* %q (resolved: %q) on container %q (ID: %s)", path, resolvedPath, c.Name(), c.ID())
+
+	return func() error {
+		defer unmount()
+		defer decompressed.Close()
+		putOptions := buildahCopiah.PutOptions{
+			UIDMap:     idMappings.UIDMap,
+			GIDMap:     idMappings.GIDMap,
+			ChownDirs:  idPair,
+			ChownFiles: idPair,
+		}
+
+		return c.joinMountAndExec(ctx,
+			func() error {
+				return buildahCopiah.Put(resolvedRoot, resolvedPath, putOptions, decompressed)
+			},
+		)
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *Container) copyToArchive(ctx context.Context, path string, writer io.Writer) (func() error, error) {
+	var (
+		mountPoint string
+		unmount    func()
+		err        error
+	)
+
+	// Optimization: only mount if the container is not already.
+	if c.state.Mounted {
+		mountPoint = c.state.Mountpoint
+		unmount = func() {}
+	} else {
+		// NOTE: make sure to unmount in error paths.
+		mountPoint, err = c.mount()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		unmount = func() { c.unmount(false) }
+	}
+
+	statInfo, resolvedRoot, resolvedPath, err := c.stat(ctx, mountPoint, path)
+	if err != nil {
+		unmount()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	idMappings, idPair, err := getIDMappingsAndPair(c, mountPoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		unmount()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	logrus.Debugf("Container copy *from* %q (resolved: %q) on container %q (ID: %s)", path, resolvedPath, c.Name(), c.ID())
+
+	return func() error {
+		defer unmount()
+		getOptions := buildahCopiah.GetOptions{
+			// Unless the specified points to ".", we want to copy the base directory.
+			KeepDirectoryNames: statInfo.IsDir && filepath.Base(path) != ".",
+			UIDMap:             idMappings.UIDMap,
+			GIDMap:             idMappings.GIDMap,
+			ChownDirs:          idPair,
+			ChownFiles:         idPair,
+			Excludes:           []string{"dev", "proc", "sys"},
+		}
+		return c.joinMountAndExec(ctx,
+			func() error {
+				return buildahCopiah.Get(resolvedRoot, "", getOptions, []string{resolvedPath}, writer)
+			},
+		)
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// getIDMappingsAndPair returns the ID mappings for the container and the host
+// ID pair.
+func getIDMappingsAndPair(container *Container, containerMount string) (*storage.IDMappingOptions, *idtools.IDPair, error) {
+	user, err := getContainerUser(container, containerMount)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	idMappingOpts, err := container.IDMappings()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	hostUID, hostGID, err := util.GetHostIDs(idtoolsToRuntimeSpec(idMappingOpts.UIDMap), idtoolsToRuntimeSpec(idMappingOpts.GIDMap), user.UID, user.GID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	idPair := idtools.IDPair{UID: int(hostUID), GID: int(hostGID)}
+	return &idMappingOpts, &idPair, nil
+}
+
+// getContainerUser returns the specs.User of the container.
+func getContainerUser(container *Container, mountPoint string) (specs.User, error) {
+	userspec := container.Config().User
+
+	uid, gid, _, err := chrootuser.GetUser(mountPoint, userspec)
+	u := specs.User{
+		UID:      uid,
+		GID:      gid,
+		Username: userspec,
+	}
+
+	if !strings.Contains(userspec, ":") {
+		groups, err2 := chrootuser.GetAdditionalGroupsForUser(mountPoint, uint64(u.UID))
+		if err2 != nil {
+			if errors.Cause(err2) != chrootuser.ErrNoSuchUser && err == nil {
+				err = err2
+			}
+		} else {
+			u.AdditionalGids = groups
+		}
+	}
+
+	return u, err
+}
+
+// idtoolsToRuntimeSpec converts idtools ID mapping to the one of the runtime spec.
+func idtoolsToRuntimeSpec(idMaps []idtools.IDMap) (convertedIDMap []specs.LinuxIDMapping) {
+	for _, idmap := range idMaps {
+		tempIDMap := specs.LinuxIDMapping{
+			ContainerID: uint32(idmap.ContainerID),
+			HostID:      uint32(idmap.HostID),
+			Size:        uint32(idmap.Size),
+		}
+		convertedIDMap = append(convertedIDMap, tempIDMap)
+	}
+	return convertedIDMap
+}
+
+// joinMountAndExec executes the specified function `f` inside the container's
+// mount and PID namespace.  That allows for having the exact view on the
+// container's file system.
+//
+// Note, if the container is not running `f()` will be executed as is.
+func (c *Container) joinMountAndExec(ctx context.Context, f func() error) error {
+	if c.state.State != define.ContainerStateRunning {
+		return f()
+	}
+
+	// Container's running, so we need to execute `f()` inside its mount NS.
+	errChan := make(chan error)
+	go func() {
+		runtime.LockOSThread()
+
+		// Join the mount and PID NS of the container.
+		getFD := func(ns LinuxNS) (*os.File, error) {
+			nsPath, err := c.namespacePath(ns)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			return os.Open(nsPath)
+		}
+
+		mountFD, err := getFD(MountNS)
+		if err != nil {
+			errChan <- err
+			return
+		}
+		defer mountFD.Close()
+
+		pidFD, err := getFD(PIDNS)
+		if err != nil {
+			errChan <- err
+			return
+		}
+		defer pidFD.Close()
+		if err := unix.Unshare(unix.CLONE_NEWNS); err != nil {
+			errChan <- err
+			return
+		}
+		if err := unix.Setns(int(pidFD.Fd()), unix.CLONE_NEWPID); err != nil {
+			errChan <- err
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := unix.Setns(int(mountFD.Fd()), unix.CLONE_NEWNS); err != nil {
+			errChan <- err
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Last but not least, execute the workload.
+		errChan <- f()
+	}()
+	return <-errChan
+}
diff --git a/libpod/container_copy_unsupported.go b/libpod/container_copy_unsupported.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2bdd3e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpod/container_copy_unsupported.go
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// +build !linux
+
+package libpod
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+)
+
+func (c *Container) copyFromArchive(ctx context.Context, path string, reader io.Reader) (func() error, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (c *Container) copyToArchive(ctx context.Context, path string, writer io.Writer) (func() error, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
diff --git a/libpod/container_internal.go b/libpod/container_internal.go
index 7e8226de4..a7da7f395 100644
--- a/libpod/container_internal.go
+++ b/libpod/container_internal.go
@@ -2086,6 +2086,10 @@ func (c *Container) setupOCIHooks(ctx context.Context, config *spec.Spec) (map[s
 
 // mount mounts the container's root filesystem
 func (c *Container) mount() (string, error) {
+	if c.state.State == define.ContainerStateRemoving {
+		return "", errors.Wrapf(define.ErrCtrStateInvalid, "cannot mount container %s as it is being removed", c.ID())
+	}
+
 	mountPoint, err := c.runtime.storageService.MountContainerImage(c.ID())
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", errors.Wrapf(err, "error mounting storage for container %s", c.ID())
diff --git a/libpod/container_path_resolution.go b/libpod/container_path_resolution.go
index 5245314ae..d798963b1 100644
--- a/libpod/container_path_resolution.go
+++ b/libpod/container_path_resolution.go
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// +linux
 package libpod
 
 import (
@@ -10,6 +11,19 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
+// pathAbs returns an absolute path.  If the specified path is
+// relative, it will be resolved relative to the container's working dir.
+func (c *Container) pathAbs(path string) string {
+	if !filepath.IsAbs(path) {
+		// If the containerPath is not absolute, it's relative to the
+		// container's working dir.  To be extra careful, let's first
+		// join the working dir with "/", and the add the containerPath
+		// to it.
+		path = filepath.Join(filepath.Join("/", c.WorkingDir()), path)
+	}
+	return path
+}
+
 // resolveContainerPaths resolves the container's mount point and the container
 // path as specified by the user.  Both may resolve to paths outside of the
 // container's mount point when the container path hits a volume or bind mount.
@@ -20,14 +34,7 @@ import (
 // the host).
 func (c *Container) resolvePath(mountPoint string, containerPath string) (string, string, error) {
 	// Let's first make sure we have a path relative to the mount point.
-	pathRelativeToContainerMountPoint := containerPath
-	if !filepath.IsAbs(containerPath) {
-		// If the containerPath is not absolute, it's relative to the
-		// container's working dir.  To be extra careful, let's first
-		// join the working dir with "/", and the add the containerPath
-		// to it.
-		pathRelativeToContainerMountPoint = filepath.Join(filepath.Join("/", c.WorkingDir()), containerPath)
-	}
+	pathRelativeToContainerMountPoint := c.pathAbs(containerPath)
 	resolvedPathOnTheContainerMountPoint := filepath.Join(mountPoint, pathRelativeToContainerMountPoint)
 	pathRelativeToContainerMountPoint = strings.TrimPrefix(pathRelativeToContainerMountPoint, mountPoint)
 	pathRelativeToContainerMountPoint = filepath.Join("/", pathRelativeToContainerMountPoint)
diff --git a/libpod/container_stat_linux.go b/libpod/container_stat_linux.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..307b75c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpod/container_stat_linux.go
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// +build linux
+
+package libpod
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/containers/buildah/copier"
+	"github.com/containers/podman/v3/libpod/define"
+	"github.com/containers/podman/v3/pkg/copy"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// statInsideMount stats the specified path *inside* the container's mount and PID
+// namespace.  It returns the file info along with the resolved root ("/") and
+// the resolved path (relative to the root).
+func (c *Container) statInsideMount(ctx context.Context, containerPath string) (*copier.StatForItem, string, string, error) {
+	resolvedRoot := "/"
+	resolvedPath := c.pathAbs(containerPath)
+	var statInfo *copier.StatForItem
+
+	err := c.joinMountAndExec(ctx,
+		func() error {
+			var statErr error
+			statInfo, statErr = secureStat(resolvedRoot, resolvedPath)
+			return statErr
+		},
+	)
+
+	return statInfo, resolvedRoot, resolvedPath, err
+}
+
+// statOnHost stats the specified path *on the host*.  It returns the file info
+// along with the resolved root and the resolved path.  Both paths are absolute
+// to the host's root.  Note that the paths may resolved outside the
+// container's mount point (e.g., to a volume or bind mount).
+func (c *Container) statOnHost(ctx context.Context, mountPoint string, containerPath string) (*copier.StatForItem, string, string, error) {
+	// Now resolve the container's path.  It may hit a volume, it may hit a
+	// bind mount, it may be relative.
+	resolvedRoot, resolvedPath, err := c.resolvePath(mountPoint, containerPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, "", "", err
+	}
+
+	statInfo, err := secureStat(resolvedRoot, resolvedPath)
+	return statInfo, resolvedRoot, resolvedPath, err
+}
+
+func (c *Container) stat(ctx context.Context, containerMountPoint string, containerPath string) (*define.FileInfo, string, string, error) {
+	var (
+		resolvedRoot     string
+		resolvedPath     string
+		absContainerPath string
+		statInfo         *copier.StatForItem
+		statErr          error
+	)
+
+	// Make sure that "/" copies the *contents* of the mount point and not
+	// the directory.
+	if containerPath == "/" {
+		containerPath = "/."
+	}
+
+	if c.state.State == define.ContainerStateRunning {
+		// If the container is running, we need to join it's mount namespace
+		// and stat there.
+		statInfo, resolvedRoot, resolvedPath, statErr = c.statInsideMount(ctx, containerPath)
+	} else {
+		// If the container is NOT running, we need to resolve the path
+		// on the host.
+		statInfo, resolvedRoot, resolvedPath, statErr = c.statOnHost(ctx, containerMountPoint, containerPath)
+	}
+
+	if statErr != nil {
+		if statInfo == nil {
+			return nil, "", "", statErr
+		}
+		// Not all errors from secureStat map to ErrNotExist, so we
+		// have to look into the error string.  Turning it into an
+		// ENOENT let's the API handlers return the correct status code
+		// which is crucial for the remote client.
+		if os.IsNotExist(statErr) || strings.Contains(statErr.Error(), "o such file or directory") {
+			statErr = copy.ErrENOENT
+		}
+	}
+
+	if statInfo.IsSymlink {
+		// Evaluated symlinks are always relative to the container's mount point.
+		absContainerPath = statInfo.ImmediateTarget
+	} else if strings.HasPrefix(resolvedPath, containerMountPoint) {
+		// If the path is on the container's mount point, strip it off.
+		absContainerPath = strings.TrimPrefix(resolvedPath, containerMountPoint)
+		absContainerPath = filepath.Join("/", absContainerPath)
+	} else {
+		// No symlink and not on the container's mount point, so let's
+		// move it back to the original input.  It must have evaluated
+		// to a volume or bind mount but we cannot return host paths.
+		absContainerPath = containerPath
+	}
+
+	// Preserve the base path as specified by the user.  The `filepath`
+	// packages likes to remove trailing slashes and dots that are crucial
+	// to the copy logic.
+	absContainerPath = copy.PreserveBasePath(containerPath, absContainerPath)
+	resolvedPath = copy.PreserveBasePath(containerPath, resolvedPath)
+
+	info := &define.FileInfo{
+		IsDir:      statInfo.IsDir,
+		Name:       filepath.Base(absContainerPath),
+		Size:       statInfo.Size,
+		Mode:       statInfo.Mode,
+		ModTime:    statInfo.ModTime,
+		LinkTarget: absContainerPath,
+	}
+
+	return info, resolvedRoot, resolvedPath, statErr
+}
+
+// secureStat extracts file info for path in a chroot'ed environment in root.
+func secureStat(root string, path string) (*copier.StatForItem, error) {
+	var glob string
+	var err error
+
+	// If root and path are equal, then dir must be empty and the glob must
+	// be ".".
+	if filepath.Clean(root) == filepath.Clean(path) {
+		glob = "."
+	} else {
+		glob, err = filepath.Rel(root, path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	globStats, err := copier.Stat(root, "", copier.StatOptions{}, []string{glob})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if len(globStats) != 1 {
+		return nil, errors.Errorf("internal error: secureStat: expected 1 item but got %d", len(globStats))
+	}
+
+	stat, exists := globStats[0].Results[glob] // only one glob passed, so that's okay
+	if !exists {
+		return nil, copy.ErrENOENT
+	}
+
+	var statErr error
+	if stat.Error != "" {
+		statErr = errors.New(stat.Error)
+	}
+	return stat, statErr
+}
diff --git a/libpod/container_stat_unsupported.go b/libpod/container_stat_unsupported.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c002e4d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpod/container_stat_unsupported.go
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// +build !linux
+
+package libpod
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/containers/podman/v3/libpod/define"
+)
+
+func (c *Container) stat(ctx context.Context, containerMountPoint string, containerPath string) (*define.FileInfo, string, string, error) {
+	return nil, "", "", nil
+}
diff --git a/libpod/define/fileinfo.go b/libpod/define/fileinfo.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c7b6fe99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libpod/define/fileinfo.go
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package define
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// FileInfo describes the attributes of a file or diretory.
+type FileInfo struct {
+	Name       string      `json:"name"`
+	Size       int64       `json:"size"`
+	Mode       os.FileMode `json:"mode"`
+	ModTime    time.Time   `json:"mtime"`
+	IsDir      bool        `json:"isDir"`
+	LinkTarget string      `json:"linkTarget"`
+}