image removal: refactor part 2

Continue the refactoring of image removal.  I didn't manage to break all
the following changes into smaller and easier to digest commits due to
time constraints:

 * Return an error slice instead of a single error. Use multierror only
   in the client/frontend.  Reflect that in the types.

 * Use the batch image removal in the client while preserving the more
   rest-idiomatic single-image removal endpoint.

 * Add a new handler for the single-image removal endpoint to make it
   share the same code as the batch endpoint.

 * Expose bindings for the single and batch endpoints, so we can
   properly test them.

 * Add several convenience functions for error handling to
   pkg/errorhandling.

 * Set the correct error type in libpod to set the exit code to 2 when
   one or more containers are using an image.

 * Massage the bindings tests a bit and tackle compilation errors.

Signed-off-by: Valentin Rothberg <rothberg@redhat.com>

11 files changed, 253 insertions, 152 deletions

diff --git a/pkg/api/handlers/libpod/images.go b/pkg/api/handlers/libpod/images.go
index f7be5ce9a..93b4564a1 100644
--- a/pkg/api/handlers/libpod/images.go
+++ b/pkg/api/handlers/libpod/images.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/api/handlers/utils"
 	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/domain/entities"
 	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/domain/infra/abi"
+	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/errorhandling"
 	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/util"
 	utils2 "github.com/containers/libpod/utils"
 	"github.com/gorilla/schema"
@@ -700,8 +701,8 @@ func SearchImages(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	utils.WriteResponse(w, http.StatusOK, reports)
 }
 
-// ImagesRemove is the endpoint for image removal.
-func ImagesRemove(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+// ImagesBatchRemove is the endpoint for batch image removal.
+func ImagesBatchRemove(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	runtime := r.Context().Value("runtime").(*libpod.Runtime)
 	decoder := r.Context().Value("decoder").(*schema.Decoder)
 	query := struct {
@@ -722,7 +723,49 @@ func ImagesRemove(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	opts := entities.ImageRemoveOptions{All: query.All, Force: query.Force}
 
 	imageEngine := abi.ImageEngine{Libpod: runtime}
-	rmReport, rmError := imageEngine.Remove(r.Context(), query.Images, opts)
-	report := handlers.LibpodImagesRemoveReport{ImageRemoveReport: *rmReport, Error: rmError.Error()}
+	rmReport, rmErrors := imageEngine.Remove(r.Context(), query.Images, opts)
+
+	strErrs := errorhandling.ErrorsToStrings(rmErrors)
+	report := handlers.LibpodImagesRemoveReport{ImageRemoveReport: *rmReport, Errors: strErrs}
 	utils.WriteResponse(w, http.StatusOK, report)
 }
+
+// ImagesRemove is the endpoint for removing one image.
+func ImagesRemove(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	runtime := r.Context().Value("runtime").(*libpod.Runtime)
+	decoder := r.Context().Value("decoder").(*schema.Decoder)
+	query := struct {
+		Force bool `schema:"force"`
+	}{
+		Force: false,
+	}
+
+	if err := decoder.Decode(&query, r.URL.Query()); err != nil {
+		utils.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusBadRequest), http.StatusBadRequest,
+			errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to parse parameters for %s", r.URL.String()))
+		return
+	}
+
+	opts := entities.ImageRemoveOptions{Force: query.Force}
+	imageEngine := abi.ImageEngine{Libpod: runtime}
+	rmReport, rmErrors := imageEngine.Remove(r.Context(), []string{utils.GetName(r)}, opts)
+
+	// In contrast to batch-removal, where we're only setting the exit
+	// code, we need to have another closer look at the errors here and set
+	// the appropriate http status code.
+
+	switch rmReport.ExitCode {
+	case 0:
+		report := handlers.LibpodImagesRemoveReport{ImageRemoveReport: *rmReport, Errors: []string{}}
+		utils.WriteResponse(w, http.StatusOK, report)
+	case 1:
+		// 404 - no such image
+		utils.Error(w, "error removing image", http.StatusNotFound, errorhandling.JoinErrors(rmErrors))
+	case 2:
+		// 409 - conflict error (in use by containers)
+		utils.Error(w, "error removing image", http.StatusConflict, errorhandling.JoinErrors(rmErrors))
+	default:
+		// 500 - internal error
+		utils.Error(w, "failed to remove image", http.StatusInternalServerError, errorhandling.JoinErrors(rmErrors))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/api/handlers/types.go b/pkg/api/handlers/types.go
index 58a12ea6a..a7abf59c0 100644
--- a/pkg/api/handlers/types.go
+++ b/pkg/api/handlers/types.go
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ type LibpodImagesPullReport struct {
 type LibpodImagesRemoveReport struct {
 	entities.ImageRemoveReport
 	// Image removal requires is to return data and an error.
-	Error string
+	Errors []string
 }
 
 type ContainersPruneReport struct {
diff --git a/pkg/api/server/register_images.go b/pkg/api/server/register_images.go
index f59dca6f5..0e8d68b7e 100644
--- a/pkg/api/server/register_images.go
+++ b/pkg/api/server/register_images.go
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ func (s *APIServer) registerImagesHandlers(r *mux.Router) error {
 	//   500:
 	//     $ref: '#/responses/InternalError'
 	r.Handle(VersionedPath("/libpod/images/import"), s.APIHandler(libpod.ImagesImport)).Methods(http.MethodPost)
-	// swagger:operation GET /libpod/images/remove libpod libpodImagesRemove
+	// swagger:operation DELETE /libpod/images/remove libpod libpodImagesRemove
 	// ---
 	// tags:
 	//  - images
@@ -853,7 +853,37 @@ func (s *APIServer) registerImagesHandlers(r *mux.Router) error {
 	//     $ref: "#/responses/BadParamError"
 	//   500:
 	//     $ref: '#/responses/InternalError'
-	r.Handle(VersionedPath("/libpod/images/remove"), s.APIHandler(libpod.ImagesRemove)).Methods(http.MethodGet)
+	r.Handle(VersionedPath("/libpod/images/remove"), s.APIHandler(libpod.ImagesBatchRemove)).Methods(http.MethodDelete)
+	// swagger:operation DELETE /libpod/images/{name:.*}/remove libpod libpodRemoveImage
+	// ---
+	// tags:
+	//  - images
+	// summary: Remove an image from the local storage.
+	// description: Remove an image from the local storage.
+	// parameters:
+	//  - in: path
+	//    name: name:.*
+	//    type: string
+	//    required: true
+	//    description: name or ID of image to remove
+	//  - in: query
+	//    name: force
+	//    type: boolean
+	//    description: remove the image even if used by containers or has other tags
+	// produces:
+	// - application/json
+	// responses:
+	//   200:
+	//     $ref: "#/responses/DocsImageDeleteResponse"
+	//   400:
+	//     $ref: "#/responses/BadParamError"
+	//   404:
+	//     $ref: '#/responses/NoSuchImage'
+	//   409:
+	//     $ref: '#/responses/ConflictError'
+	//   500:
+	//     $ref: '#/responses/InternalError'
+	r.Handle(VersionedPath("/libpod/images/{name:.*}/remove"), s.APIHandler(libpod.ImagesRemove)).Methods(http.MethodDelete)
 	// swagger:operation POST /libpod/images/pull libpod libpodImagesPull
 	// ---
 	// tags:
@@ -952,36 +982,6 @@ func (s *APIServer) registerImagesHandlers(r *mux.Router) error {
 	//   500:
 	//      $ref: '#/responses/InternalError'
 	r.Handle(VersionedPath("/libpod/images/search"), s.APIHandler(libpod.SearchImages)).Methods(http.MethodGet)
-	// swagger:operation DELETE /libpod/images/{name:.*} libpod libpodRemoveImage
-	// ---
-	// tags:
-	//  - images
-	// summary: Remove Image
-	// description: Delete an image from local store
-	// parameters:
-	//  - in: path
-	//    name: name:.*
-	//    type: string
-	//    required: true
-	//    description: name or ID of image to delete
-	//  - in: query
-	//    name: force
-	//    type: boolean
-	//    description: remove the image even if used by containers or has other tags
-	// produces:
-	// - application/json
-	// responses:
-	//   200:
-	//     $ref: "#/responses/DocsImageDeleteResponse"
-	//   400:
-	//     $ref: "#/responses/BadParamError"
-	//   404:
-	//     $ref: '#/responses/NoSuchImage'
-	//   409:
-	//     $ref: '#/responses/ConflictError'
-	//   500:
-	//     $ref: '#/responses/InternalError'
-	r.Handle(VersionedPath("/libpod/images/{name:.*}"), s.APIHandler(compat.RemoveImage)).Methods(http.MethodDelete)
 	// swagger:operation GET /libpod/images/{name:.*}/get libpod libpodExportImage
 	// ---
 	// tags:
diff --git a/pkg/bindings/images/images.go b/pkg/bindings/images/images.go
index 4d8ae6a6e..034ade618 100644
--- a/pkg/bindings/images/images.go
+++ b/pkg/bindings/images/images.go
@@ -109,36 +109,6 @@ func Load(ctx context.Context, r io.Reader, name *string) (*entities.ImageLoadRe
 	return &report, response.Process(&report)
 }
 
-// Remove deletes an image from local storage.  The optional force parameter
-// will forcibly remove the image by removing all all containers, including
-// those that are Running, first.
-func Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts entities.ImageRemoveOptions) (*entities.ImageRemoveReport, error) {
-	var report handlers.LibpodImagesRemoveReport
-	conn, err := bindings.GetClient(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	params := url.Values{}
-	params.Set("all", strconv.FormatBool(opts.All))
-	params.Set("force", strconv.FormatBool(opts.Force))
-	for _, i := range images {
-		params.Add("images", i)
-	}
-
-	response, err := conn.DoRequest(nil, http.MethodGet, "/images/remove", params)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if err := response.Process(&report); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	var rmError error
-	if report.Error != "" {
-		rmError = errors.New(report.Error)
-	}
-	return &report.ImageRemoveReport, rmError
-}
-
 // Export saves an image from local storage as a tarball or image archive.  The optional format
 // parameter is used to change the format of the output.
 func Export(ctx context.Context, nameOrID string, w io.Writer, format *string, compress *bool) error {
diff --git a/pkg/bindings/images/rm.go b/pkg/bindings/images/rm.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3b5590df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/bindings/images/rm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package images
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/api/handlers"
+	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/bindings"
+	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/domain/entities"
+	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/errorhandling"
+)
+
+// BachtRemove removes a batch of images from the local storage.
+func BatchRemove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts entities.ImageRemoveOptions) (*entities.ImageRemoveReport, []error) {
+	// FIXME - bindings tests are missing for this endpoint. Once the CI is
+	// re-enabled for bindings, we need to add them.  At the time of writing,
+	// the tests don't compile.
+	var report handlers.LibpodImagesRemoveReport
+	conn, err := bindings.GetClient(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, []error{err}
+	}
+
+	params := url.Values{}
+	params.Set("all", strconv.FormatBool(opts.All))
+	params.Set("force", strconv.FormatBool(opts.Force))
+	for _, i := range images {
+		params.Add("images", i)
+	}
+
+	response, err := conn.DoRequest(nil, http.MethodDelete, "/images/remove", params)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, []error{err}
+	}
+	if err := response.Process(&report); err != nil {
+		return nil, []error{err}
+	}
+
+	return &report.ImageRemoveReport, errorhandling.StringsToErrors(report.Errors)
+}
+
+// Remove removes an image from the local storage.  Use force to remove an
+// image, even if it's used by containers.
+func Remove(ctx context.Context, nameOrID string, force bool) (*entities.ImageRemoveReport, error) {
+	var report handlers.LibpodImagesRemoveReport
+	conn, err := bindings.GetClient(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	params := url.Values{}
+	params.Set("force", strconv.FormatBool(force))
+	response, err := conn.DoRequest(nil, http.MethodDelete, "/images/%s/remove", params, nameOrID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := response.Process(&report); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	errs := errorhandling.StringsToErrors(report.Errors)
+	return &report.ImageRemoveReport, errorhandling.JoinErrors(errs)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/bindings/test/images_test.go b/pkg/bindings/test/images_test.go
index 58210efd0..9c8e82149 100644
--- a/pkg/bindings/test/images_test.go
+++ b/pkg/bindings/test/images_test.go
@@ -84,17 +84,20 @@ var _ = Describe("Podman images", func() {
 	// Test to validate the remove image api
 	It("remove image", func() {
 		// Remove invalid image should be a 404
-		_, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, "foobar5000", &bindings.PFalse)
+		response, err := images.Remove(bt.conn, "foobar5000", false)
 		Expect(err).ToNot(BeNil())
+		Expect(response).To(BeNil())
 		code, _ := bindings.CheckResponseCode(err)
 		Expect(code).To(BeNumerically("==", http.StatusNotFound))
 
 		// Remove an image by name, validate image is removed and error is nil
 		inspectData, err := images.GetImage(bt.conn, busybox.shortName, nil)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
-		response, err := images.Remove(bt.conn, busybox.shortName, nil)
+		response, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, busybox.shortName, false)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
-		Expect(inspectData.ID).To(Equal(response[0]["Deleted"]))
+		code, _ = bindings.CheckResponseCode(err)
+
+		Expect(inspectData.ID).To(Equal(response.Deleted[0]))
 		inspectData, err = images.GetImage(bt.conn, busybox.shortName, nil)
 		code, _ = bindings.CheckResponseCode(err)
 		Expect(code).To(BeNumerically("==", http.StatusNotFound))
@@ -104,30 +107,31 @@ var _ = Describe("Podman images", func() {
 		_, err = bt.RunTopContainer(&top, &bindings.PFalse, nil)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 		// we should now have a container called "top" running
-		containerResponse, err := containers.Inspect(bt.conn, "top", &bindings.PFalse)
+		containerResponse, err := containers.Inspect(bt.conn, "top", nil)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 		Expect(containerResponse.Name).To(Equal("top"))
 
 		// try to remove the image "alpine". This should fail since we are not force
 		// deleting hence image cannot be deleted until the container is deleted.
-		response, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.shortName, &bindings.PFalse)
+		response, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.shortName, false)
 		code, _ = bindings.CheckResponseCode(err)
-		Expect(code).To(BeNumerically("==", http.StatusInternalServerError))
+		Expect(code).To(BeNumerically("==", http.StatusConflict))
 
 		// Removing the image "alpine" where force = true
-		response, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.shortName, &bindings.PTrue)
+		response, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.shortName, true)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
-
-		// Checking if both the images are gone as well as the container is deleted
-		inspectData, err = images.GetImage(bt.conn, busybox.shortName, nil)
+		// To be extra sure, check if the previously created container
+		// is gone as well.
+		_, err = containers.Inspect(bt.conn, "top", &bindings.PFalse)
 		code, _ = bindings.CheckResponseCode(err)
 		Expect(code).To(BeNumerically("==", http.StatusNotFound))
 
-		inspectData, err = images.GetImage(bt.conn, alpine.shortName, nil)
+		// Now make sure both images are gone.
+		inspectData, err = images.GetImage(bt.conn, busybox.shortName, nil)
 		code, _ = bindings.CheckResponseCode(err)
 		Expect(code).To(BeNumerically("==", http.StatusNotFound))
 
-		_, err = containers.Inspect(bt.conn, "top", &bindings.PFalse)
+		inspectData, err = images.GetImage(bt.conn, alpine.shortName, nil)
 		code, _ = bindings.CheckResponseCode(err)
 		Expect(code).To(BeNumerically("==", http.StatusNotFound))
 	})
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@ var _ = Describe("Podman images", func() {
 
 	It("Load|Import Image", func() {
 		// load an image
-		_, err := images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.name, nil)
+		_, err := images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.name, false)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 		exists, err := images.Exists(bt.conn, alpine.name)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
@@ -219,7 +223,7 @@ var _ = Describe("Podman images", func() {
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 		names, err := images.Load(bt.conn, f, nil)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
-		Expect(names.Name).To(Equal(alpine.name))
+		Expect(names.Names[0]).To(Equal(alpine.name))
 		exists, err = images.Exists(bt.conn, alpine.name)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 		Expect(exists).To(BeTrue())
@@ -227,7 +231,7 @@ var _ = Describe("Podman images", func() {
 		// load with a repo name
 		f, err = os.Open(filepath.Join(ImageCacheDir, alpine.tarballName))
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
-		_, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.name, nil)
+		_, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.name, false)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 		exists, err = images.Exists(bt.conn, alpine.name)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
@@ -235,7 +239,7 @@ var _ = Describe("Podman images", func() {
 		newName := "quay.io/newname:fizzle"
 		names, err = images.Load(bt.conn, f, &newName)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
-		Expect(names.Name).To(Equal(alpine.name))
+		Expect(names.Names[0]).To(Equal(alpine.name))
 		exists, err = images.Exists(bt.conn, newName)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 		Expect(exists).To(BeTrue())
@@ -243,7 +247,7 @@ var _ = Describe("Podman images", func() {
 		// load with a bad repo name should trigger a 500
 		f, err = os.Open(filepath.Join(ImageCacheDir, alpine.tarballName))
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
-		_, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.name, nil)
+		_, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.name, false)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 		exists, err = images.Exists(bt.conn, alpine.name)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
@@ -271,7 +275,7 @@ var _ = Describe("Podman images", func() {
 
 	It("Import Image", func() {
 		// load an image
-		_, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.name, nil)
+		_, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, alpine.name, false)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 		exists, err := images.Exists(bt.conn, alpine.name)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
diff --git a/pkg/bindings/test/manifests_test.go b/pkg/bindings/test/manifests_test.go
index 23c3d8194..4987dfe5b 100644
--- a/pkg/bindings/test/manifests_test.go
+++ b/pkg/bindings/test/manifests_test.go
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ var _ = Describe("Podman containers ", func() {
 		code, _ := bindings.CheckResponseCode(err)
 		Expect(code).To(BeNumerically("==", http.StatusInternalServerError))
 
-		_, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, id, nil)
+		_, err = images.Remove(bt.conn, id, false)
 		Expect(err).To(BeNil())
 
 		// create manifest list with images
diff --git a/pkg/domain/entities/engine_image.go b/pkg/domain/entities/engine_image.go
index 46a96ca20..45686ec79 100644
--- a/pkg/domain/entities/engine_image.go
+++ b/pkg/domain/entities/engine_image.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ type ImageEngine interface {
 	Prune(ctx context.Context, opts ImagePruneOptions) (*ImagePruneReport, error)
 	Pull(ctx context.Context, rawImage string, opts ImagePullOptions) (*ImagePullReport, error)
 	Push(ctx context.Context, source string, destination string, opts ImagePushOptions) error
-	Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts ImageRemoveOptions) (*ImageRemoveReport, error)
+	Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts ImageRemoveOptions) (*ImageRemoveReport, []error)
 	Save(ctx context.Context, nameOrId string, tags []string, options ImageSaveOptions) error
 	Search(ctx context.Context, term string, opts ImageSearchOptions) ([]ImageSearchReport, error)
 	Shutdown(ctx context.Context)
diff --git a/pkg/domain/infra/abi/images.go b/pkg/domain/infra/abi/images.go
index 0af06fb89..7ab5131f0 100644
--- a/pkg/domain/infra/abi/images.go
+++ b/pkg/domain/infra/abi/images.go
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	domainUtils "github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/domain/utils"
 	"github.com/containers/libpod/pkg/util"
 	"github.com/containers/storage"
-	"github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
 	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -423,8 +422,10 @@ func (ir *ImageEngine) Tree(ctx context.Context, nameOrId string, opts entities.
 	return &entities.ImageTreeReport{Tree: results}, nil
 }
 
-// Remove removes one or more images from local storage.
-func (ir *ImageEngine) Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts entities.ImageRemoveOptions) (report *entities.ImageRemoveReport, finalError error) {
+// removeErrorsToExitCode returns an exit code for the specified slice of
+// image-removal errors. The error codes are set according to the documented
+// behaviour in the Podman man pages.
+func removeErrorsToExitCode(rmErrors []error) int {
 	var (
 		// noSuchImageErrors indicates that at least one image was not found.
 		noSuchImageErrors bool
@@ -434,59 +435,53 @@ func (ir *ImageEngine) Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts entitie
 		// otherErrors indicates that at least one error other than the two
 		// above occured.
 		otherErrors bool
-		// deleteError is a multierror to conveniently collect errors during
-		// removal. We really want to delete as many images as possible and not
-		// error out immediately.
-		deleteError *multierror.Error
 	)
 
-	report = &entities.ImageRemoveReport{}
+	if len(rmErrors) == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
 
-	// Set the removalCode and the error after all work is done.
-	defer func() {
-		switch {
-		// 2
-		case inUseErrors:
-			// One of the specified images has child images or is
-			// being used by a container.
-			report.ExitCode = 2
-		// 1
-		case noSuchImageErrors && !(otherErrors || inUseErrors):
-			// One of the specified images did not exist, and no other
-			// failures.
-			report.ExitCode = 1
-		// 0
+	for _, e := range rmErrors {
+		switch errors.Cause(e) {
+		case define.ErrNoSuchImage:
+			noSuchImageErrors = true
+		case define.ErrImageInUse, storage.ErrImageUsedByContainer:
+			inUseErrors = true
 		default:
-			// Nothing to do.
-		}
-		if deleteError != nil {
-			// go-multierror has a trailing new line which we need to remove to normalize the string.
-			finalError = deleteError.ErrorOrNil()
-			finalError = errors.New(strings.TrimSpace(finalError.Error()))
+			otherErrors = true
 		}
+	}
+
+	switch {
+	case inUseErrors:
+		// One of the specified images has child images or is
+		// being used by a container.
+		return 2
+	case noSuchImageErrors && !(otherErrors || inUseErrors):
+		// One of the specified images did not exist, and no other
+		// failures.
+		return 1
+	default:
+		return 125
+	}
+}
+
+// Remove removes one or more images from local storage.
+func (ir *ImageEngine) Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts entities.ImageRemoveOptions) (report *entities.ImageRemoveReport, rmErrors []error) {
+	report = &entities.ImageRemoveReport{}
+
+	// Set the exit code at very end.
+	defer func() {
+		report.ExitCode = removeErrorsToExitCode(rmErrors)
 	}()
 
 	// deleteImage is an anonymous function to conveniently delete an image
 	// without having to pass all local data around.
 	deleteImage := func(img *image.Image) error {
 		results, err := ir.Libpod.RemoveImage(ctx, img, opts.Force)
-		switch errors.Cause(err) {
-		case nil:
-			break
-		case define.ErrNoSuchImage:
-			inUseErrors = true // ExitCode is expected
-		case storage.ErrImageUsedByContainer:
-			inUseErrors = true // Important for exit codes in Podman.
-			return errors.New(
-				fmt.Sprintf("A container associated with containers/storage, i.e. via Buildah, CRI-O, etc., may be associated with this image: %-12.12s\n", img.ID()))
-		case define.ErrImageInUse:
-			inUseErrors = true
-			return err
-		default:
-			otherErrors = true // Important for exit codes in Podman.
+		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-
 		report.Deleted = append(report.Deleted, results.Deleted)
 		report.Untagged = append(report.Untagged, results.Untagged...)
 		return nil
@@ -499,9 +494,7 @@ func (ir *ImageEngine) Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts entitie
 		for {
 			storageImages, err := ir.Libpod.ImageRuntime().GetRWImages()
 			if err != nil {
-				deleteError = multierror.Append(deleteError,
-					errors.Wrapf(err, "unable to query local images"))
-				otherErrors = true // Important for exit codes in Podman.
+				rmErrors = append(rmErrors, err)
 				return
 			}
 			// No images (left) to remove, so we're done.
@@ -510,9 +503,7 @@ func (ir *ImageEngine) Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts entitie
 			}
 			// Prevent infinity loops by making a delete-progress check.
 			if previousImages == len(storageImages) {
-				otherErrors = true // Important for exit codes in Podman.
-				deleteError = multierror.Append(deleteError,
-					errors.New("unable to delete all images, check errors and re-run image removal if needed"))
+				rmErrors = append(rmErrors, errors.New("unable to delete all images, check errors and re-run image removal if needed"))
 				break
 			}
 			previousImages = len(storageImages)
@@ -520,15 +511,15 @@ func (ir *ImageEngine) Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts entitie
 			for _, img := range storageImages {
 				isParent, err := img.IsParent(ctx)
 				if err != nil {
-					otherErrors = true // Important for exit codes in Podman.
-					deleteError = multierror.Append(deleteError, err)
+					rmErrors = append(rmErrors, err)
+					continue
 				}
 				// Skip parent images.
 				if isParent {
 					continue
 				}
 				if err := deleteImage(img); err != nil {
-					deleteError = multierror.Append(deleteError, err)
+					rmErrors = append(rmErrors, err)
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -539,21 +530,13 @@ func (ir *ImageEngine) Remove(ctx context.Context, images []string, opts entitie
 	// Delete only the specified images.
 	for _, id := range images {
 		img, err := ir.Libpod.ImageRuntime().NewFromLocal(id)
-		switch errors.Cause(err) {
-		case nil:
-			break
-		case image.ErrNoSuchImage:
-			noSuchImageErrors = true // Important for exit codes in Podman.
-			fallthrough
-		default:
-			deleteError = multierror.Append(deleteError, errors.Wrapf(err, "failed to remove image '%s'", id))
+		if err != nil {
+			rmErrors = append(rmErrors, err)
 			continue
 		}
-
 		err = deleteImage(img)
 		if err != nil {
-			otherErrors = true // Important for exit codes in Podman.
-			deleteError = multierror.Append(deleteError, err)
+			rmErrors = append(rmErrors, err)
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/pkg/domain/infra/tunnel/images.go b/pkg/domain/infra/tunnel/images.go
index dcc5fc3e7..00893194c 100644
--- a/pkg/domain/infra/tunnel/images.go
+++ b/pkg/domain/infra/tunnel/images.go
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ func (ir *ImageEngine) Exists(_ context.Context, nameOrId string) (*entities.Boo
 	return &entities.BoolReport{Value: found}, err
 }
 
-func (ir *ImageEngine) Remove(ctx context.Context, imagesArg []string, opts entities.ImageRemoveOptions) (*entities.ImageRemoveReport, error) {
-	return images.Remove(ir.ClientCxt, imagesArg, opts)
+func (ir *ImageEngine) Remove(ctx context.Context, imagesArg []string, opts entities.ImageRemoveOptions) (*entities.ImageRemoveReport, []error) {
+	return images.BatchRemove(ir.ClientCxt, imagesArg, opts)
 }
 
 func (ir *ImageEngine) List(ctx context.Context, opts entities.ImageListOptions) ([]*entities.ImageSummary, error) {
diff --git a/pkg/errorhandling/errorhandling.go b/pkg/errorhandling/errorhandling.go
index 970d47636..3117b0ca4 100644
--- a/pkg/errorhandling/errorhandling.go
+++ b/pkg/errorhandling/errorhandling.go
@@ -2,10 +2,46 @@ package errorhandling
 
 import (
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )
 
+// JoinErrors converts the error slice into a single human-readable error.
+func JoinErrors(errs []error) error {
+	if len(errs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// `multierror` appends new lines which we need to remove to prevent
+	// blank lines when printing the error.
+	var multiE *multierror.Error
+	multiE = multierror.Append(multiE, errs...)
+	return errors.New(strings.TrimSpace(multiE.ErrorOrNil().Error()))
+}
+
+// ErrorsToString converts the slice of errors into a slice of corresponding
+// error messages.
+func ErrorsToStrings(errs []error) []string {
+	strErrs := make([]string, len(errs))
+	for i := range errs {
+		strErrs[i] = errs[i].Error()
+	}
+	return strErrs
+}
+
+// StringsToErrors converts a slice of error messages into a slice of
+// corresponding errors.
+func StringsToErrors(strErrs []string) []error {
+	errs := make([]error, len(strErrs))
+	for i := range strErrs {
+		errs[i] = errors.New(strErrs[i])
+	}
+	return errs
+}
+
 // SyncQuiet syncs a file and logs any error. Should only be used within
 // a defer.
 func SyncQuiet(f *os.File) {