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author | Peter Bengtsson <mail@peterbe.com> | 2020-12-08 14:43:23 -0500 |
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committer | Peter Bengtsson <mail@peterbe.com> | 2020-12-08 14:43:23 -0500 |
commit | 218934fa2ed1c702a6d3923d2aa2cc6b43c48684 (patch) | |
tree | a9ef8ac1e1b8fe4207b6d64d3841bfb8990b6fd0 /files/zh-tw/web/javascript/reference/classes/index.html | |
parent | 074785cea106179cb3305637055ab0a009ca74f2 (diff) | |
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diff --git a/files/zh-tw/web/javascript/reference/classes/index.html b/files/zh-tw/web/javascript/reference/classes/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e3a62d781b --- /dev/null +++ b/files/zh-tw/web/javascript/reference/classes/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ +--- +title: Classes +slug: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes +tags: + - Classes + - Constructors +translation_of: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes +--- +<div>{{JsSidebar("Classes")}}</div> + +<p>ECMAScript 6 中引入了類別 (class) 作為 JavaScript 現有原型程式(prototype-based)繼承的語法糖。類別語法並<strong>不是</strong>要引入新的物件導向繼承模型到 JavaScript 中,而是提供一個更簡潔的語法來建立物件和處理繼承。</p> + +<h2 id="定義類別">定義類別</h2> + +<p>類別實際上是一種特別的函數(<a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions">functions</a>),就跟你可以定義函數敘述和函數宣告一樣,類別的語法有兩個元件:類別敘述(<a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/class">class expressions</a>)和類別宣告(<a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/class">class declarations</a>)。</p> + +<h3 id="類別宣告">類別宣告</h3> + +<p>一個定義類別的方法是使用類別宣告(<strong>class declaration</strong>),要宣告一個類別,你要使用關鍵字 <code>class</code> 搭配類別名稱(此例為 "Polygon")。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">class Polygon { + constructor(height, width) { + this.height = height; + this.width = width; + } +}</pre> + +<h4 id="Hoisting">Hoisting</h4> + +<p><strong>函數宣告</strong>和<strong>類別宣告</strong>的一個重要差別在於函數宣告是 {{Glossary("Hoisting", "hoisted")}} ,類別宣告則不是。 你需要先宣告你的類別,然後存取它,否則像是下面的程式碼就會丟出一個 {{jsxref("ReferenceError")}}:</p> + +<pre class="brush: js example-bad">var p = new Polygon(); // ReferenceError + +class Polygon {} +</pre> + +<h3 id="類別敘述">類別敘述</h3> + +<p><strong>類別敘述</strong>是定義類別的另一種方法。類別敘述可以有名稱或是無名稱。賦予一個有名稱類別敘述的名稱只在類別主體(class's body)中有作用。(但是類別敘述的名稱可以透過該類別(不是實例)的 <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function/name">.name</a> 屬性存取。)</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">// unnamed +var Polygon = class { + constructor(height, width) { + this.height = height; + this.width = width; + } +}; + +// named +var Polygon = class Polygon { + constructor(height, width) { + this.height = height; + this.width = width; + } +}; + +</pre> + +<p>注意:類別<strong>敘述</strong>跟上述提到的類別<strong>宣告</strong>一樣,都會受到hoisting的影響。</p> + +<h2 id="類別主體與方法定義">類別主體與方法定義</h2> + +<p>類別的主體指的是被大括號(<code>{}</code>)包含的部分,你可以在這裡面定義類別成員(members),例如方法(methods)或建構子(constructors)。</p> + +<h3 id="Strict_mode">Strict mode</h3> + +<p><em>類別宣告</em>與<em>類別敘述</em>的主體都會以<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Strict_mode">嚴格模式(strict mode</a>)執行,也就是說,建構子、靜態方法和原型方法、getter及setter函數等都會以嚴格模式執行。</p> + +<h3 id="建構子">建構子</h3> + +<p>建構子(<code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/constructor">constructor</a>)</code>方法是一個特別的方法,用來建立和初始化一個<code>類別</code>的物件。一個類別只能有一個名為建構子(constructor)的特別方法。當類別中含有一個以上的<code>建構子</code>方法時,{{jsxref("SyntaxError")}} 將會被拋出。</p> + +<p>一個建構子可以用關鍵字 <code>super</code> 來呼叫父類別的建構子。</p> + +<h3 id="原型方法">原型方法</h3> + +<p>參見 <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Method_definitions">method definitions</a>。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">class Polygon { + constructor(height, width) { + this.height = height; + this.width = width; + } + // Getter + get area() { + return this.calcArea(); + } + // Method + calcArea() { + return this.height * this.width; + } +} + +const square = new Polygon(10, 10); + +console.log(square.area); //100</pre> + +<h3 id="靜態方法Static_methods">靜態方法(Static methods)</h3> + +<p>關鍵字 <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/static">static</a></code> 定義了一個類別的靜態方法,靜態方法不需要<a href="/zh-TW/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects">實體化</a>它所屬類別的實例就可以被呼叫,它也<strong>無法</strong>被已實體化的類別物件呼叫。靜態方法經常被用來建立給應用程式使用的工具函數。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">class Point { + constructor(x, y) { + this.x = x; + this.y = y; + } + + static distance(a, b) { + const dx = a.x - b.x; + const dy = a.y - b.y; + + return Math.sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy); + } +} + +const p1 = new Point(5, 5); +const p2 = new Point(10, 10); + +console.log(Point.distance(p1, p2)); // 7.0710678118654755 +</pre> + +<h3 id="裝箱、原型方法及靜態方法">裝箱、原型方法及靜態方法</h3> + +<p>當一個靜態方法或原形方法被呼叫,但沒有一個物件的值與this綁定時,被呼叫的函數中this關鍵字會是<strong><code>undefined</code>。</strong>在此情況下,自動裝箱(autoboxing)不會發生<strong>。?</strong>即使我們在非嚴格模式中寫程式,此行為仍然會存在,這是因為所有的函式、定義方法、建構子、getters和setters都是在嚴格模式中執行。因此,若我們沒有定義this的值,this會是<strong><code>undefined</code></strong><code>。</code></p> + +<pre class="brush: js">class Animal { + speak() { + return this; + } + static eat() { + return this; + } +} + +let obj = new Animal(); +obj.speak(); // Animal {} +let speak = obj.speak; +speak(); // undefined + +Animal.eat() // class Animal +let eat = Animal.eat; +eat(); // undefined</pre> + +<p>若我們將上述程式用傳統的函式基礎類別(function based classes)表達,自動裝箱則會依據this在其被呼叫的函式中所綁定的值發生。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function Animal() { } + +Animal.prototype.speak = function() { + return this; +} + +Animal.eat = function() { + return this; +} + +let obj = new Animal(); +let speak = obj.speak; +speak(); // 全域物件 + +let eat = Animal.eat; +eat(); // 全域物件</pre> + +<h2 id="用_extends_建立子類別">用 <code>extends</code> 建立子類別</h2> + +<p>關鍵字 <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/extends">extends</a></code> 是在類別宣告或是類別敘述中建立子類別的方法。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">class Animal { + constructor(name) { + this.name = name; + } + + speak() { + console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.'); + } +} + +class Dog extends Animal { + speak() { + console.log(this.name + ' barks.'); + } +} + +var d = new Dog('Mitzie'); +d.speak(); // Mitzie barks. +</pre> + +<p>若在子類別中有建構子(constructor),要使用this前則必須先呼叫super()函式。</p> + +<p>你也可以擴充(extends)傳統的函式基礎"類別"。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function Animal (name) { + this.name = name; +} + +Animal.prototype.speak = function () { + console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.'); +} + +class Dog extends Animal { + speak() { + console.log(this.name + ' barks.'); + } +} + +var d = new Dog('Mitzie'); +d.speak(); // Mitzie barks.</pre> + +<p>注意類別並無法擴充一般(non-constructible不可建構的)物件。如果您想要繼承自一般的物件,可以使用{{jsxref("Object.setPrototypeOf()")}}來達成。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">var Animal = { + speak() { + console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.'); + } +}; + +class Dog { + constructor(name) { + this.name = name; + } +} + +// 如果你沒有用以下的方法,當你呼叫speak時會出現TypeError +Object.setPrototypeOf(Dog.prototype, Animal); + +var d = new Dog('Mitzie'); +d.speak(); // Mitzie makes a noise.</pre> + +<h2 id="Species">Species</h2> + +<p>你可能會希望在陣列的衍生類別 <code>MyArray</code> 中回傳陣列 ({{jsxref("Array")}}) ,Species 這個模式讓你能覆寫默認的建構子 (contructor)。</p> + +<p>舉例來說,當你使用像 {{jsxref("Array.map", "map()")}} 這類會回傳默認建構子的方法時,你希望能回傳父物件 <code>Array</code> ,而不是 <code>MyArray</code> 物件。 {{jsxref("Symbol.species")}} 符號讓你做到這件事:</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">class MyArray extends Array { + // Overwrite species to the parent Array constructor + static get [Symbol.species]() { return Array; } +} + +var a = new MyArray(1,2,3); +var mapped = a.map(x => x * x); + +console.log(mapped instanceof MyArray); // false +console.log(mapped instanceof Array); // true</pre> + +<h2 id="用_super_呼叫父類別">用 <code>super</code> 呼叫父類別</h2> + +<p>關鍵字 <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/super">super</a></code> 是用來提供一個類別呼叫其父類別的函數。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">class Cat { + constructor(name) { + this.name = name; + } + + speak() { + console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.'); + } +} + +class Lion extends Cat { + speak() { + super.speak(); + console.log(this.name + ' roars.'); + } +} + +var l = new Lion('Fuzzy'); +l.speak(); +// Fuzzy makes a noise. +// Fuzzy roars. +</pre> + +<h2 id="ES5_繼承語法與_ES6_類別語法的比較">ES5 繼承語法與 ES6 類別語法的比較</h2> + +<p>TBD</p> + +<h2 id="範例">範例</h2> + +<p>TBD</p> + +<h2 id="規格">規格</h2> + +<table class="standard-table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col">規格</th> + <th scope="col">狀態</th> + <th scope="col">評論</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>{{SpecName('ES6', '#sec-class-definitions', 'Class definitions')}}</td> + <td>{{Spec2('ES6')}}</td> + <td>Initial definition.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="瀏覽器相容性">瀏覽器相容性</h2> + +<p>{{CompatibilityTable}}</p> + +<div id="compat-desktop"> +<table class="compat-table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th>Feature</th> + <th>Chrome</th> + <th>Firefox (Gecko)</th> + <th>Edge</th> + <th>Internet Explorer</th> + <th>Opera</th> + <th>Safari</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Basic support</td> + <td>{{CompatChrome(42.0)}}<sup>[1]</sup><br> + {{CompatChrome(49.0)}}</td> + <td>{{CompatGeckoDesktop(45)}}</td> + <td>13</td> + <td>{{CompatNo}}</td> + <td>{{CompatNo}}</td> + <td>{{CompatSafari(9.0)}}</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> +</div> + +<div id="compat-mobile"> +<table class="compat-table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th>Feature</th> + <th>Android</th> + <th>Firefox Mobile (Gecko)</th> + <th>IE Mobile</th> + <th>Opera Mobile</th> + <th>Safari Mobile</th> + <th>Chrome for Android</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>Basic support</td> + <td>{{CompatNo}}</td> + <td>{{CompatGeckoMobile(45)}}</td> + <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td> + <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td> + <td>9</td> + <td>{{CompatChrome(42.0)}}<sup>[1]</sup><br> + {{CompatChrome(49.0)}}</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> +</div> + +<h2 id="參見">參見</h2> + +<ul> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions">Functions</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/class"><code>class</code> declaration</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/class"><code>class</code> expression</a></li> + <li>{{jsxref("Operators/super", "super")}}</li> + <li><a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2015/07/es6-in-depth-classes/">Blog post: "ES6 In Depth: Classes"</a></li> + <li><a href="/zh-TW/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/extends">extends</a></li> +</ul> |