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diff --git a/files/sv-se/web/javascript/reference/classes/index.html b/files/sv-se/web/javascript/reference/classes/index.html deleted file mode 100644 index d3ac6aca7f..0000000000 --- a/files/sv-se/web/javascript/reference/classes/index.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,383 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: Classes -slug: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes -tags: - - Classes - - Constructors - - ECMAScript 2015 - - Inheritance - - Intermediate - - JavaScript - - NeedsTranslation - - TopicStub -translation_of: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes ---- -<div>{{JsSidebar("Classes")}}</div> - -<p>JavaScript classes introduced in ECMAScript 2015 are syntactical sugar over JavaScript's existing prototype-based inheritance. The class syntax is <strong>not</strong> introducing a new object-oriented inheritance model to JavaScript. JavaScript classes provide a much simpler and clearer syntax to create objects and deal with inheritance.</p> - -<h2 id="Defining_classes">Defining classes</h2> - -<p>Classes are in fact "special <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions">functions</a>", and just as you can define <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/function">function expressions</a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/function">function declarations</a>, the class syntax has two components: <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/class">class expressions</a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/class">class declarations</a>.</p> - -<h3 id="Class_declarations">Class declarations</h3> - -<p>One way to define a class is using a <strong>class declaration</strong>. To declare a class, you use the <code>class</code> keyword with the name of the class ("Polygon" here).</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">class Polygon { - constructor(height, width) { - this.height = height; - this.width = width; - } -}</pre> - -<h4 id="Hoisting">Hoisting</h4> - -<p>An important difference between <strong>function declarations</strong> and <strong>class declarations</strong> is that function declarations are {{Glossary("Hoisting", "hoisted")}} and class declarations are not. You first need to declare your class and then access it, otherwise code like the following will throw a {{jsxref("ReferenceError")}}:</p> - -<pre class="brush: js example-bad">var p = new Polygon(); // ReferenceError - -class Polygon {} -</pre> - -<h3 id="Class_expressions">Class expressions</h3> - -<p>A <strong>class expression</strong> is another way to define a class. Class expressions can be named or unnamed. The name given to a named class expression is local to the class's body.</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">// unnamed -var Polygon = class { - constructor(height, width) { - this.height = height; - this.width = width; - } -}; - -// named -var Polygon = class Polygon { - constructor(height, width) { - this.height = height; - this.width = width; - } -}; -</pre> - -<p><strong>Note:</strong> Class <strong>expressions</strong> also suffer from the same hoisting issues mentioned for Class <strong>declarations</strong>.</p> - -<h2 id="Class_body_and_method_definitions">Class body and method definitions</h2> - -<p>The body of a class is the part that is in curly brackets <code>{}</code>. This is where you define class members, such as methods or constructors.</p> - -<h3 id="Strict_mode">Strict mode</h3> - -<p>The bodies of <em>class declarations</em> and <em>class expressions</em> are executed in <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Strict_mode">strict mode</a>.</p> - -<h3 id="Constructor">Constructor</h3> - -<p>The <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/constructor">constructor</a></code> method is a special method for creating and initializing an object created with a <code>class</code>. There can only be one special method with the name "constructor" in a class. A {{jsxref("SyntaxError")}} will be thrown if the class contains more than one occurrence of a <code>constructor</code> method.</p> - -<p>A constructor can use the <code>super</code> keyword to call the constructor of a parent class.</p> - -<h3 id="Prototype_methods">Prototype methods</h3> - -<p>See also <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Method_definitions">method definitions</a>.</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">class Polygon { - constructor(height, width) { - this.height = height; - this.width = width; - } - - get area() { - return this.calcArea(); - } - - calcArea() { - return this.height * this.width; - } -} - -const square = new Polygon(10, 10); - -console.log(square.area);</pre> - -<h3 id="Static_methods">Static methods</h3> - -<p>The <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/static">static</a></code> keyword defines a static method for a class. Static methods are called without <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Introduction_to_Object-Oriented_JavaScript#The_object_(class_instance)" title='An example of class instance is "var john = new Person();"'>instantiating </a>their class and are also <strong>not </strong>callable when the class is instantiated. Static methods are often used to create utility functions for an application.</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">class Point { - constructor(x, y) { - this.x = x; - this.y = y; - } - - static distance(a, b) { - const dx = a.x - b.x; - const dy = a.y - b.y; - - return Math.sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy); - } -} - -const p1 = new Point(5, 5); -const p2 = new Point(10, 10); - -console.log(Point.distance(p1, p2));</pre> - -<h3 id="Boxing_with_prototype_and_static_methods">Boxing with prototype and static methods</h3> - -<p>When a static or prototype method is called without an object valued "this" (or with "this" as boolean, string, number, undefined or null), then the "this" value will be <strong><code>undefined</code></strong> inside the called function. Autoboxing will not happen. The behaviour will be the same even if we write the code in non-strict mode.</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">class Animal { - speak() { - return this; - } - static eat() { - return this; - } -} - -let obj = new Animal(); -let speak = obj.speak; -speak(); // undefined - -let eat = Animal.eat; -eat(); // undefined</pre> - -<p>If we write the above code using traditional function based classes, then autoboxing will happen based on the "this" value overwhich the function was called.</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">function Animal() { } - -Animal.prototype.speak = function(){ - return this; -} - -Animal.eat = function() { - return this; -} - -let obj = new Animal(); -let speak = obj.speak; -speak(); // global object - -let eat = Animal.eat; -eat(); // global object -</pre> - -<h2 id="Sub_classing_with_extends">Sub classing with <code>extends</code></h2> - -<p>The <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/extends">extends</a></code> keyword is used in <em>class declarations</em> or <em>class expressions</em> to create a class as a child of another class.</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">class Animal { - constructor(name) { - this.name = name; - } - - speak() { - console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.'); - } -} - -class Dog extends Animal { - speak() { - console.log(this.name + ' barks.'); - } -} - -var d = new Dog('Mitzie'); -d.speak(); -</pre> - -<p>If there is a constructor present in sub-class, it needs to first call super() before using "this".</p> - -<p>One may also extend traditional function-based "classes":</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">function Animal (name) { - this.name = name; -} - -Animal.prototype.speak = function () { - console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.'); -} - -class Dog extends Animal { - speak() { - console.log(this.name + ' barks.'); - } -} - -var d = new Dog('Mitzie'); -d.speak(); -</pre> - -<p>Note that classes cannot extend regular (non-constructible) objects. If you want to inherit from a regular object, you can instead use {{jsxref("Object.setPrototypeOf()")}}:</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">var Animal = { - speak() { - console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.'); - } -}; - -class Dog { - constructor(name) { - this.name = name; - } - speak() { - console.log(this.name + ' barks.'); - } -} - -Object.setPrototypeOf(Dog.prototype, Animal); - -var d = new Dog('Mitzie'); -d.speak(); -</pre> - -<h2 id="Species">Species</h2> - -<p>You might want to return {{jsxref("Array")}} objects in your derived array class <code>MyArray</code>. The species pattern lets you override default constructors.</p> - -<p>For example, when using methods such as {{jsxref("Array.map", "map()")}} that returns the default constructor, you want these methods to return a parent <code>Array</code> object, instead of the <code>MyArray</code> object. The {{jsxref("Symbol.species")}} symbol lets you do this:</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">class MyArray extends Array { - // Overwrite species to the parent Array constructor - static get [Symbol.species]() { return Array; } -} - -var a = new MyArray(1,2,3); -var mapped = a.map(x => x * x); - -console.log(mapped instanceof MyArray); // false -console.log(mapped instanceof Array); // true -</pre> - -<h2 id="Super_class_calls_with_super">Super class calls with <code>super</code></h2> - -<p>The <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/super">super</a></code> keyword is used to call functions on an object's parent.</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">class Cat { - constructor(name) { - this.name = name; - } - - speak() { - console.log(this.name + ' makes a noise.'); - } -} - -class Lion extends Cat { - speak() { - super.speak(); - console.log(this.name + ' roars.'); - } -} -</pre> - -<h2 id="Mix-ins">Mix-ins</h2> - -<p>Abstract subclasses or <em>mix-ins</em> are templates for classes. An ECMAScript class can only have a single superclass, so multiple inheritance from tooling classes, for example, is not possible. The functionality must be provided by the superclass.</p> - -<p>A function with a superclass as input and a subclass extending that superclass as output can be used to implement mix-ins in ECMAScript:</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">var calculatorMixin = Base => class extends Base { - calc() { } -}; - -var randomizerMixin = Base => class extends Base { - randomize() { } -}; -</pre> - -<p>A class that uses these mix-ins can then be written like this:</p> - -<pre class="brush: js">class Foo { } -class Bar extends calculatorMixin(randomizerMixin(Foo)) { }</pre> - -<h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2> - -<table class="standard-table"> - <tbody> - <tr> - <th scope="col">Specification</th> - <th scope="col">Status</th> - <th scope="col">Comment</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>{{SpecName('ES6', '#sec-class-definitions', 'Class definitions')}}</td> - <td>{{Spec2('ES6')}}</td> - <td>Initial definition.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-class-definitions', 'Class definitions')}}</td> - <td>{{Spec2('ESDraft')}}</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<h2 id="Browser_compatibility">Browser compatibility</h2> - -<p>{{CompatibilityTable}}</p> - -<div id="compat-desktop"> -<table class="compat-table"> - <tbody> - <tr> - <th>Feature</th> - <th>Chrome</th> - <th>Firefox (Gecko)</th> - <th>Edge</th> - <th>Internet Explorer</th> - <th>Opera</th> - <th>Safari</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Basic support</td> - <td>{{CompatChrome(42.0)}}<sup>[1]</sup><br> - {{CompatChrome(49.0)}}</td> - <td>{{CompatGeckoDesktop(45)}}</td> - <td>13</td> - <td>{{CompatNo}}</td> - <td>{{CompatNo}}</td> - <td>{{CompatSafari(9.0)}}</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> -</div> - -<div id="compat-mobile"> -<table class="compat-table"> - <tbody> - <tr> - <th>Feature</th> - <th>Android</th> - <th>Firefox Mobile (Gecko)</th> - <th>IE Mobile</th> - <th>Opera Mobile</th> - <th>Safari Mobile</th> - <th>Chrome for Android</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Basic support</td> - <td>{{CompatNo}}</td> - <td>{{CompatGeckoMobile(45)}}</td> - <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td> - <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td> - <td>9</td> - <td>{{CompatChrome(42.0)}}<sup>[1]</sup><br> - {{CompatChrome(49.0)}}</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> -</div> - -<p>[1] Requires strict mode. Non-strict mode support is behind the flag "Enable Experimental JavaScript", disabled by default.</p> - -<h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> - -<ul> - <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions">Functions</a></li> - <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/class"><code>class</code> declaration</a></li> - <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/class"><code>class</code> expression</a></li> - <li>{{jsxref("Operators/super", "super")}}</li> - <li><a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2015/07/es6-in-depth-classes/">Blog post: "ES6 In Depth: Classes"</a></li> -</ul> |
