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diff --git a/files/vi/web/css/transform-function/index.html b/files/vi/web/css/transform-function/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2237c7c1fb --- /dev/null +++ b/files/vi/web/css/transform-function/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,160 @@ +--- +title: <transform-function> +slug: Web/CSS/transform-function +tags: + - CSS + - CSS Data Type + - CSS Transforms + - Layout + - NeedsTranslation + - Reference + - TopicStub +translation_of: Web/CSS/transform-function +--- +<div>{{CSSRef}}</div> + +<p>The <strong><code><transform-function></code></strong> <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS">CSS</a> <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Types">data type</a> represents a transformation that affects an element's appearance. Transformation functions can rotate, resize, distort, or move an element in 2D or 3D space. It is used in the {{cssxref("transform")}} property.</p> + +<h2 id="Describing_transformations_mathematically">Describing transformations mathematically</h2> + +<p>Various coordinate models can be used to describe an HTML element's size and shape, as well as any transformations applied to it. The most common is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system">Cartesian coordinate system</a>, although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_coordinates">homogeneous coordinates</a> are also sometimes used.</p> + +<h3 id="Cartesian_coordinates"><a href="/@api/deki/files/5796/=coord_in_R2.png"><img src="/files/3438/coord_in_R2.png" style="float: right; width: 171px;"></a>Cartesian coordinates</h3> + +<p>In the Cartesian coordinate system, a two-dimensional point is described using two values: an x coordinate (abscissa) and a y coordinate (ordinate). This is represented by the vector notation <code>(x, y)</code>.</p> + +<p>In CSS (and most computer graphics), the origin <code>(0, 0)</code> represents the<em> top-left</em> corner of any element. Positive coordinates are down and to the right of the origin, while negative ones are up and to the left. Thus, a point that's 2 units to the right and 5 units down would be <code>(2, 5)</code>, while a point 3 units to the left and 12 units up would be <code>(-3, -12)</code>.</p> + +<h3 id="Transformation_functions">Transformation functions</h3> + +<p>Transformation functions alter the appearance of an element by manipulating the values of its coordinates. A linear transformation function is described using a 2×2 matrix, like this:</p> + +<p style="text-align: center;"><math> <mfenced> <mtable> <mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd></mtr> <mtr><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr> </mtable> </mfenced> </math></p> + +<p>The function is applied to an element by using matrix multiplication. Thus, each coordinate changes based on the values in the matrix:</p> + +<p style="text-align: center;"><math> <mfenced> <mtable> <mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd></mtr> <mtr><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr> </mtable> </mfenced> <mfenced> <mtable> <mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>y</mi></mtd></mtr> </mtable> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mfenced> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi><mi>y</mi></mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd><mi>b</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>y</mi></mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mfenced> </math></p> + +<p>It is even possible to apply several transformations in a row:</p> + +<p style="text-align: center;"><math> <mfenced> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd> <mtd><msub><mi>c</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd> <mtd><msub><mi>d</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mfenced> <mfenced> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mtd> <mtd><msub><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd><msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mtd> <mtd><msub><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mfenced> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd> <msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub> <msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub><mi>c</mi><mn>1</mn></msub> <msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub><mi>a</mi><mn>1</mn></msub> <msub><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub><mi>c</mi><mn>1</mn></msub> <msub><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub> <msub><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub><mi>d</mi><mn>1</mn></msub> <msub><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub><mi>b</mi><mn>1</mn></msub> <msub><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub><mi>d</mi><mn>1</mn></msub> <msub><mi>d</mi><mn>2</mn></msub> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mfenced> </math></p> + +<p>With this notation, it is possible to describe, and therefore compose, most common transformations: rotations, scaling, or skewing. (In fact, all transformations that are linear functions can be described.) Composite transformations are effectively applied in order from right to left.</p> + +<p>However, one major transformation is not linear, and therefore must be special-cased when using this notation: translation. The translation vector <code>(tx, ty)</code> must be expressed separately, as two additional parameters.</p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>Note:</strong> Though trickier than Cartesian coordinates, <a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_coordinates">homogeneous coordinates</a> in <a class="external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projective_geometry">projective geometry</a> lead to 3×3 transformation matrices, and can simply express translations as linear functions.</p> +</div> + +<h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2> + +<p>The <code><transform-function></code> data type is specified using one of the transformation functions listed below. Each function applies a geometric operation in either 2D or 3D.</p> + +<h3 id="Matrix_transformation">Matrix transformation</h3> + +<dl> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/matrix">matrix()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Describes a homogeneous 2D transformation matrix.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/matrix3d">matrix3d()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Describes a 3D transformation as a 4×4 homogeneous matrix.</dd> +</dl> + +<h3 id="Perspective">Perspective</h3> + +<dl> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/perspective">perspective()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Sets the distance between the user and the z=0 plane.</dd> +</dl> + +<h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3> + +<dl> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotate">rotate()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Rotates an element around a fixed point on the 2D plane.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotate3d">rotate3d()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Rotates an element around a fixed axis in 3D space.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotateX">rotateX()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Rotates an element around the horizontal axis.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotateY">rotateY()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Rotates an element around the vertical axis.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/rotateZ">rotateZ()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Rotates an element around the z-axis.</dd> +</dl> + +<h3 id="Scaling_resizing">Scaling (resizing)</h3> + +<dl> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scale">scale()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Scales an element up or down on the 2D plane.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scale3d">scale3d()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Scales an element up or down in 3D space.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scaleX">scaleX()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Scales an element up or down horizontally.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scaleY">scaleY()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Scales an element up or down vertically.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/scaleZ">scaleZ()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Scales an element up or down along the z-axis.</dd> +</dl> + +<h3 id="Skewing_distortion">Skewing (distortion)</h3> + +<dl> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/skew">skew()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Skews an element on the 2D plane.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/skewX">skewX()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Skews an element in the horizontal direction.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/skewY">skewY()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Skews an element in the vertical direction.</dd> +</dl> + +<h3 id="Translation_moving">Translation (moving)</h3> + +<dl> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translate">translate()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Translates an element on the 2D plane.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translate3d">translate3d()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Translates an element in 3D space.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translateX">translateX()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Translates an element horizontally.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translateY">translateY()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Translates an element vertically.</dd> + <dt><code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function/translateZ">translateZ()</a></code></dt> + <dd>Translates an element along the z-axis.</dd> +</dl> + +<h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2> + +<table class="standard-table"> + <thead> + <tr> + <th scope="col">Specification</th> + <th scope="col">Status</th> + <th scope="col">Comment</th> + </tr> + </thead> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td>{{SpecName('CSS Transforms 2', '#transform-functions', '<transform-function>')}}</td> + <td>{{Spec2('CSS Transforms 2')}}</td> + <td>Added 3D transform functions.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>{{SpecName('CSS3 Transforms', '#transform-functions', '<transform-function>')}}</td> + <td>{{Spec2('CSS3 Transforms')}}</td> + <td>Initial definition</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="Browser_compatibility">Browser compatibility</h2> + + + +<p>{{Compat("css.types.transform-function")}}</p> + +<h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> + +<ul> + <li>CSS {{cssxref("transform")}} property</li> +</ul> diff --git a/files/vi/web/css/transform-function/perspective()/index.html b/files/vi/web/css/transform-function/perspective()/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a69e46e094 --- /dev/null +++ b/files/vi/web/css/transform-function/perspective()/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ +--- +title: perspective() +slug: Web/CSS/transform-function/perspective() +translation_of: Web/CSS/transform-function/perspective() +--- +<div>{{CSSRef}}</div> + +<p>The <strong><code>perspective()</code></strong> <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS">CSS</a> function defines a transformation that sets the distance between the user and the z=0 plane, the perspective from which the viewer would be if the 2-dimensional interface were 3-dimensional. Its result is a {{cssxref("<transform-function>")}} data type.</p> + +<div>{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/css/function-perspective.html")}}</div> + + + +<p>The <code>perspective()</code> transform function is part of the {{cssxref('transform')}} value applied on the element being transformed. This differs from the {{cssxref('perspective')}} and {{cssxref('perspective-origin')}} properties which are attached to the parent of a child transformed in 3-dimensional space.</p> + +<h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2> + +<p>The perspective distance used by <code>perspective()</code> is specified by a {{cssxref("<length>")}} value, which represents the distance between the user and the z=0 plane. The z=0 plane is the plane where everything appears in a 2-dimensional view, or the screen. A positive value makes the element appear closer to the user than the rest of the interface, a negative value farther. The greater the value, the further away the perspective of the user is.</p> + +<pre class="syntaxbox">perspective(d) +</pre> + +<h3 id="Values">Values</h3> + +<dl> + <dt><var>d</var></dt> + <dd>Is a {{cssxref("<length>")}} representing the distance from the user to the z=0 plane. If it is 0 or a negative value, no perspective transform is applied.</dd> +</dl> + +<table class="standard-table"> + <thead> + <tr> + <th scope="col">Cartesian coordinates on ℝ<sup>2</sup></th> + <th scope="col">Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ<sup>2</sup></th> + <th scope="col">Cartesian coordinates on ℝ<sup>3</sup></th> + <th scope="col">Homogeneous coordinates on ℝℙ<sup>3</sup></th> + </tr> + </thead> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> + <p>This transformation applies to the 3D space and can't be represented on the plane.</p> + </td> + <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">This transformation is not a linear transformation in ℝ<sup>3</sup>, and can't be represented using a Cartesian-coordinate matrix.</td> + <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><math> <mfenced><mtable><mtr>1<mtd>0</mtd><mtd>0</mtd><mtd>0</mtd></mtr><mtr>0<mtd>1</mtd><mtd>0</mtd><mtd>0</mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd>0</mtd><mtd>0</mtd><mtd>1</mtd><mtd>0</mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd>0</mtd><mtd>0</mtd><mtd><mo>−</mo>1<mo>/</mo>d</mtd><mtd>1</mtd></mtr></mtable> </mfenced> </math></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2> + +<h3 id="HTML">HTML</h3> + +<pre class="brush: html"><p>Without perspective:</p> +<div class="no-perspective-box"> + <div class="face front">A</div> + <div class="face top">B</div> + <div class="face left">C</div> +</div> + +<p>With perspective (9cm):</p> +<div class="perspective-box-far"> + <div class="face front">A</div> + <div class="face top">B</div> + <div class="face left">C</div> +</div> + +<p>With perspective (4cm):</p> +<div class="perspective-box-closer"> + <div class="face front">A</div> + <div class="face top">B</div> + <div class="face left">C</div> +</div> +</pre> + +<h3 id="CSS">CSS</h3> + +<pre class="brush: css">.face { + position: absolute; + width: 100px; + height: 100px; + line-height: 100px; + font-size: 100px; + text-align: center; +} + +p + div { + width: 100px; + height: 100px; + transform-style: preserve-3d; + margin-left: 100px; +} +.no-perspective-box { + transform: rotateX(-15deg) rotateY(30deg); +} + +.perspective-box-far { + transform: perspective(9cm) rotateX(-15deg) rotateY(30deg); +} + +.perspective-box-closer { + transform: perspective(4cm) rotateX(-15deg) rotateY(30deg); +} + +.top { + background-color: skyblue; + transform: rotateX(90deg) translate3d(0, 0, 50px); +} + +.left { + background-color: pink; + transform: rotateY(-90deg) translate3d(0, 0, 50px); +} + +.front { + background-color: limegreen; + transform: translate3d(0, 0, 50px); +} +</pre> + +<h3 id="Result">Result</h3> + +<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Examples', '250', '350') }}</p> + +<h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2> + +<table class="standard-table"> + <thead> + <tr> + <th scope="col">Specification</th> + <th scope="col">Status</th> + <th scope="col">Comment</th> + </tr> + </thead> + <tbody> + <tr> + <td>{{SpecName("CSS Transforms 2", "#funcdef-perspective", "perspective()")}}</td> + <td>{{Spec2("CSS Transforms 2")}}</td> + <td>Initial definition</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="Browser_compatibility">Browser compatibility</h2> + +<p>Please see the <code><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform-function#Browser_compatibility"><transform-function></a></code> data type for compatibility info.</p> + +<h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> + +<ul> + <li>{{cssxref("transform")}}</li> + <li>{{cssxref("<transform-function>")}}</li> +</ul> |