From da78a9e329e272dedb2400b79a3bdeebff387d47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Peter Bengtsson Date: Tue, 8 Dec 2020 14:42:17 -0500 Subject: initial commit --- .../html_text_fundamentals/index.html | 1047 ++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 1047 insertions(+) create mode 100644 files/id/learn/html/pengenalan_html/html_text_fundamentals/index.html (limited to 'files/id/learn/html/pengenalan_html/html_text_fundamentals/index.html') diff --git a/files/id/learn/html/pengenalan_html/html_text_fundamentals/index.html b/files/id/learn/html/pengenalan_html/html_text_fundamentals/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bbee58cc80 --- /dev/null +++ b/files/id/learn/html/pengenalan_html/html_text_fundamentals/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,1047 @@ +--- +title: Teks mendasar HTML +slug: Learn/HTML/Pengenalan_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals +translation_of: Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals +--- +
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{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}
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Salah satu tugas utama HTML adalah memberikan struktur dan makna teks (dikenal juga sebagai {{glossary("semantics")}}) dengan begitu peramban dapat menampilkannya dengan benar. Artikel ini menjelaskan cara {{glossary("HTML")}} digunakan untuk membuat struktur halaman teks dengan menambahkan judul dan paragraf, menekankan kata-kata, membuat daftar, dan lainnya.

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Prasyarat:Familiar dengan dasar-dasar HTML, dicakup dalam Getting started with HTML.
Hal yang dipelajari:Mempelajari cara menandai halaman dasar teks untuk memberikan struktur dan tujuan — termasuk paragraf, judul, daftar, penekanan, dan kutipan.
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Dasar-dasarnya: Judul dan paragaf

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Sebaguan besar struktur teks terdiri dari judul dan paragraf, st structured text consists of headings and paragraphs, ntah Anda membaca sebuah kisah, koran, buku pelajaran, majalah, dsb.

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An example of a newspaper front cover, showing use of a top level heading, subheadings and paragraphs.

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Konten yang terstruktur membuat pengalaman membaca lebih mudah dan lebih menyenangkan.

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Dalam HTML, setiap paragraf dirangkap element {{htmlelement("p")}}, seperti berikut.

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<p>I am a paragraph, oh yes I am.</p>
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Setiap judul juga dirangkap dalam sebuah element "heading":

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<h1>I am the title of the story.</h1>
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Terdaoat beberapa element heading (judul) — {{htmlelement("h1")}}, {{htmlelement("h2")}}, {{htmlelement("h3")}}, {{htmlelement("h4")}}, {{htmlelement("h5")}}, dan {{htmlelement("h6")}}. Setiap element mewakili level konten yang berbeda dalam dokumennnya; <h1> mewakili judul utama, <h2> mewakili sub judul, <h3> mewakili sub-sub judul, dan seterusnya.

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Menerapkan susunan struktural

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Untuk contohnya, dalam sebuah kisah, <h1> mewakili judul kisahnya, <h2> mewakili judul setiap babnya dan <h3> mewakili sub-bagian setiap babnya, dan seterusnya.

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<h1>The Crushing Bore</h1>
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+<p>By Chris Mills</p>
+
+<h2>Chapter 1: The dark night</h2>
+
+<p>It was a dark night. Somewhere, an owl hooted. The rain lashed down on the ...</p>
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+<h2>Chapter 2: The eternal silence</h2>
+
+<p>Our protagonist could not so much as a whisper out of the shadowy figure ...</p>
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+<h3>The specter speaks</h3>
+
+<p>Several more hours had passed, when all of a sudden the specter sat bolt upright and exclaimed, "Please have mercy on my soul!"</p>
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Sebenarnya terserah Anda element yang digunakan, selama susunannya masuk akal. Anda perlu mengingat beberapa prakter terbaik saat Anda membuat struktur seperti:

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Why do we need structure?

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To answer this question, let's take a look at text-start.html — the starting point of our running example for this article (a nice hummus recipe). You should save a copy of this file on your local machine, as you'll need it for the exercises later on. This document's body currently contains multiple pieces of content — they aren't marked up in any way, but they are separated with linebreaks (Enter/Return pressed to go onto the next line).

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However, when you open the document in your browser, you'll see that the text appears as a big chunk!

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A webpage that shows a wall of unformatted text, because there are no elements on the page to structure it.

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This is because there are no elements to give the content structure, so the browser does not know what is a heading and what is a paragraph. Furthermore:

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We therefore need to give our content structural markup.

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Active learning: Giving our content structure

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Let's jump straight in with a live example. In the example below, add elements to the raw text in the Input field so that it appears as a heading and two paragraphs in the Output field.

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If you make a mistake, you can always reset it using the Reset button. If you get stuck, press the Show solution button to see the answer.

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{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code', 700, 400, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}

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Why do we need semantics?

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Semantics are relied on everywhere around us — we rely on previous experience to tell us what the function of an everyday object is; when we see something, we know what its function will be. So, for example, we expect a red traffic light to mean "stop", and a green traffic light to mean "go". Things can get tricky very quickly if the wrong semantics are applied (Do any countries use red to mean "go"? I hope not.)

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In a similar vein, we need to make sure we are using the correct elements, giving our content the correct meaning, function, or appearance. In this context the {{htmlelement("h1")}} element is also a semantic element, which gives the text it wraps around the role (or meaning) of "a top level heading on your page."

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<h1>This is a top level heading</h1>
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By default, the browser will give it a large font size to make it look like a heading (although you could style it to look like anything you wanted using CSS). More importantly, its semantic value will be used in multiple ways, for example by search engines and screen readers (as mentioned above).

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On the other hand, you could make any element look like a top level heading. Consider the following:

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<span style="font-size: 32px; margin: 21px 0; display: block;">Is this a top level heading?</span>
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This is a {{htmlelement("span")}} element. It has no semantics. You use it to wrap content when you want to apply CSS to it (or do something to it with JavaScript) without giving it any extra meaning (you'll find out more about these later on in the course). We've applied some CSS to it to make it look like a top level heading, but since it has no semantic value, it will not get any of the extra benefits described above. It is a good idea to use the relevant HTML element for the job.

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Lists

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Now let's turn our attention to lists. Lists are everywhere in life — from your shopping list to the list of directions you subconsciously follow to get to your house every day, to the lists of instructions you are following in these tutorials! Lists are everywhere on the Web too, and we've got three different types to worry about.

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Unordered

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Unordered lists are used to mark up lists of items for which the order of the items doesn't matter — let's take a shopping list as an example.

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milk
+eggs
+bread
+hummus
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Every unordered list starts off with a {{htmlelement("ul")}} element — this wraps around all the list items:

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<ul>
+milk
+eggs
+bread
+hummus
+</ul>
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The last step is to wrap each list item in a {{htmlelement("li")}} (list item) element:

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<ul>
+  <li>milk</li>
+  <li>eggs</li>
+  <li>bread</li>
+  <li>hummus</li>
+</ul>
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Active learning: Marking up an unordered list

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Try editing the live sample below to create your very own HTML unordered list.

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{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_2', 700, 400, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}

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Ordered

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Ordered lists are lists in which the order of the items does matter — let's take a set of directions as an example:

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Drive to the end of the road
+Turn right
+Go straight across the first two roundabouts
+Turn left at the third roundabout
+The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road
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The markup structure is the same as for unordered lists, except that you have to wrap the list items in an {{htmlelement("ol")}} element, rather than <ul>:

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<ol>
+  <li>Drive to the end of the road</li>
+  <li>Turn right</li>
+  <li>Go straight across the first two roundabouts</li>
+  <li>Turn left at the third roundabout</li>
+  <li>The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road</li>
+</ol>
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Active learning: Marking up an ordered list

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Try editing the live sample below to create your very own HTML ordered list.

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{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_3', 700, 500, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}

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Active learning: Marking up our recipe page

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So at this point in the article, you have all the information you need to mark up our recipe page example. You can choose to either save a local copy of our text-start.html starting file and do the work there, or do it in the editable example below. Doing it locally will probably be better, as then you'll get to save the work you are doing, whereas if you fill it in to the editable example, it will be lost the next time you open the page. Both have pros and cons.

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{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_4', 900, 500, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}

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If you get stuck, you can always press the Show solution button, or check out our text-complete.html example on our github repo.

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Nesting lists

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It is perfectly ok to nest one list inside another one. You might want to have some sub-bullets sitting below a top level bullet. Let's take the second list from our recipe example:

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<ol>
+  <li>Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely.</li>
+  <li>Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely.</li>
+  <li>Add all the ingredients into a food processor.</li>
+  <li>Process all the ingredients into a paste.</li>
+  <li>If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time.</li>
+  <li>If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time.</li>
+</ol>
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Since the last two bullets are very closely related to the one before them (they read like sub-instructions or choices that fit below that bullet), it might make sense to nest them inside their own unordered list, and put that list inside the current fourth bullet. This would look like so:

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<ol>
+  <li>Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely.</li>
+  <li>Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely.</li>
+  <li>Add all the ingredients into a food processor.</li>
+  <li>Process all the ingredients into a paste.
+    <ul>
+      <li>If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time.</li>
+      <li>If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time.</li>
+    </ul>
+  </li>
+</ol>
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Try going back to the previous active learning example and updating the second list like this.

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Emphasis and importance

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In human language, we often emphasise certain words to alter the meaning of a sentence, and we often want to mark certain words as important or different in some way. HTML provides various semantic elements to allow us to mark up textual content with such effects, and in this section, we'll look at a few of the most common ones.

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Emphasis

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When we want to add emphasis in spoken language, we stress certain words, subtly altering the meaning of what we are saying. Similarly, in written language we tend to stress words by putting them in italics. For example, the following two sentences have different meanings.

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I am glad you weren't late.

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I am glad you weren't late.

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The first sentence sounds genuinely relieved that the person wasn't late. In contrast, the second one sounds sarcastic or passive-aggressive, expressing annoyance that the person arrived a bit late.

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In HTML we use the {{htmlelement("em")}} (emphasis) element to mark up such instances. As well as making the document more interesting to read, these are recognised by screen readers and spoken out in a different tone of voice. Browsers style this as italic by default, but you shouldn't use this tag purely to get italic styling. To do that, you'd use a {{htmlelement("span")}} element and some CSS, or perhaps an {{htmlelement("i")}} element (see below).

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<p>I am <em>glad</em> you weren't <em>late</em>.</p>
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Strong importance

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To emphasize important words, we tend to stress them in spoken language and bold them in written language. For example:

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This liquid is highly toxic.

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I am counting on you. Do not be late!

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In HTML we use the {{htmlelement("strong")}} (strong importance) element to mark up such instances. As well as making the document more useful, again these are recognized by screen readers and spoken in a different tone of voice. Browsers style this as bold text by default, but you shouldn't use this tag purely to get bold styling. To do that, you'd use a {{htmlelement("span")}} element and some CSS, or perhaps a {{htmlelement("b")}} element (see below).

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<p>This liquid is <strong>highly toxic</strong>.</p>
+
+<p>I am counting on you. <strong>Do not</strong> be late!</p>
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You can nest strong and emphasis inside one another if desired:

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<p>This liquid is <strong>highly toxic</strong> —
+if you drink it, <strong>you may <em>die</em></strong>.</p>
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Active learning: Let's be important!

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In this active learning section, we have provided an editable example. Inside it, we'd like you to try adding emphasis and strong importance to the words you think need them, just to have some practice.

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{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_5', 700, 500, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}

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Italic, bold, underline...

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The elements we've discussed so far have clearcut associated semantics. The situation with {{htmlelement("b")}}, {{htmlelement("i")}}, and {{htmlelement("u")}} is somewhat more complicated. They came about so people could write bold, italics, or underlined text in an era when CSS was still supported poorly or not at all. Elements like this, which only affect presentation and not semantics, are known as presentational elements and should no longer be used, because as we've seen before, semantics is so important to accessibility, SEO, etc.

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HTML5 redefined <b>, <i> and <u> with new, somewhat confusing, semantic roles.

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Here's the best rule of thumb: it's likely appropriate to use <b>, <i>, or <u> to convey a meaning traditionally conveyed with bold, italics, or underline, provided there is no more suitable element. However, it always remains critical to keep an accessibility mindset. The concept of italics isn't very helpful to people using screen readers, or to people using a writing system other than the Latin alphabet.

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A kind warning about underline: People strongly associate underlining with hyperlinks. Therefore, on the Web, it's best to underline only links. Use the <u> element when it's semantically appropriate, but consider using CSS to change the default underline to something more appropriate on the Web. The example below illustrates how it can be done.

+
+ +
<!-- scientific names -->
+<p>
+  The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (<i>Archilochus colubris</i>)
+  is the most common hummingbird in Eastern North America.
+</p>
+
+<!-- foreign words -->
+<p>
+  The menu was a sea of exotic words like <i lang="uk-latn">vatrushka</i>,
+  <i lang="id">nasi goreng</i> and <i lang="fr">soupe à l'oignon</i>.
+</p>
+
+<!-- a known misspelling -->
+<p>
+  Someday I'll learn how to <u style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">spel</u> better.
+</p>
+
+<!-- Highlight keywords in a set of instructions -->
+<ol>
+  <li>
+    <b>Slice</b> two pieces of bread off the loaf.
+  </li>
+  <li>
+    <b>Insert</b> a tomato slice and a leaf of
+    lettuce between the slices of bread.
+  </li>
+</ol>
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Summary

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That's it for now! This article should have given you a good idea of how to start marking up text in HTML, and introduced you to some of the most important elements in this area. There are a lot more semantic elements to cover in this area, and we'll look at a lot more in our 'More Semantic Elements' article, later on in the course. In the next article, we'll be looking in detail at how to create hyperlinks, possibly the most important element on the Web.

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{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}

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In this module

+ + -- cgit v1.2.3-54-g00ecf