--- title: 비트 연산자 slug: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_Operators tags: - JavaScript - Operator - Reference translation_of: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators translation_of_original: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Bitwise_Operators ---
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비트 연산자는 피연산자를 10진수, 16진수, 8진수가 아니라, 32개의 비트(0과 1) 집합으로 취급합니다. 예를 들어, 10진수 9의 2진수 표기법은 1001입니다. 이렇게, 비트 연산자는 값의 2진수 표현을 사용해 연산하지만, 결과는 표준 JavaScript 숫자 값으로 반환합니다.

{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/js/expressions-bitwiseoperators.html")}}

다음은 JavaScript의 비트 연산자를 요약한 표입니다.

연산자 사용방법 설명
비트 AND a & b 피연산자를 비트로 바꿨을 때 각각 대응하는 비트가 모두 1이면 그 비트값에 1을 반환.
비트 OR a | b 피연산자를 비트로 바꿨을 때 각각 대응하는 비트가 모두 1이거나 한 쪽이 1이면 1을 반환.
비트 XOR a ^ b 피연산자를 비트로 바꿨을 때 대응하는 비트가 서로 다르면 1을 반환.
비트 NOT ~ a 피연산자의 반전된 값을 반환.
왼쪽 시프트 a << b Shifts a in binary representation b (< 32) bits to the left, shifting in zeros from the right.
부호 유지 오른쪽 시프트 a >> b Shifts a in binary representation b (< 32) bits to the right, discarding bits shifted off.
부호 버림 오른쪽 시프트 a >>> b Shifts a in binary representation b (< 32) bits to the right, discarding bits shifted off, and shifting in zeros from the left.

부호 있는 32비트 정수

The operands of all bitwise operators are converted to signed 32-bit integers in two's complement format, except for zero-fill right shift which results in an unsigned 32-bit integer.

Two's complement format means that a number's negative counterpart (e.g. 5 vs. -5) is all the number's bits inverted (bitwise NOT of the number, or ones' complement of the number) plus one.

For example, the following encodes the integer 314:

00000000000000000000000100111010

The following encodes ~314, i.e. the one's complement of 314:

11111111111111111111111011000101

Finally, the following encodes -314, i.e. the two's complement of 314:

11111111111111111111111011000110

The two's complement guarantees that the left-most bit is 0 when the number is positive and 1 when the number is negative. Thus, it is called the sign bit.

The number 0 is the integer that is composed completely of 0 bits.

0 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000000000 (base 2)

The number -1 is the integer that is composed completely of 1 bits.

-1 (base 10) = 11111111111111111111111111111111 (base 2)

The number -2147483648 (hexadecimal representation: -0x80000000) is the integer that is composed completely of 0 bits except the first (left-most) one.

-2147483648 (base 10) = 10000000000000000000000000000000 (base 2)

The number 2147483647 (hexadecimal representation: 0x7fffffff) is the integer that is composed completely of 1 bits except the first (left-most) one.

2147483647 (base 10) = 01111111111111111111111111111111 (base 2)

The numbers -2147483648 and 2147483647 are the minimum and the maximum integers representable throught a 32bit signed number.

비트 논리 연산자

비트 논리 연산자는 다음과 같이 사용됩니다.

& (비트 AND)

비트 연산자 AND를 비트 쌍으로 실행합니다.

Performs the AND operation on each pair of bits. a AND b yields 1 only if both a and b are 1. The truth table for the AND operation is:

a b a AND b
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1 
     9 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001001 (base 2)
    14 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001110 (base 2)
                   --------------------------------
14 & 9 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001000 (base 2) = 8 (base 10)

Bitwise ANDing any number x with 0 yields 0. Bitwise ANDing any number x with -1 yields x.

| (비트 OR)

Performs the OR operation on each pair of bits. a OR b yields 1 if either a or b is 1. The truth table for the OR operation is:

a b a OR b
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1 
     9 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001001 (base 2)
    14 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001110 (base 2)
                   --------------------------------
14 | 9 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001111 (base 2) = 15 (base 10)

Bitwise ORing any number x with 0 yields x.

Bitwise ORing any number x with -1 yields -1.

^ (비트 XOR)

Performs the XOR operation on each pair of bits. a XOR b yields 1 if a and b are different. The truth table for the XOR operation is:

a b a XOR b
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0 
     9 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001001 (base 2)
    14 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001110 (base 2)
                   --------------------------------
14 ^ 9 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000000111 (base 2) = 7 (base 10)

Bitwise XORing any number x with 0 yields x.

Bitwise XORing any number x with -1 yields ~x.

~ (비트 NOT)

Performs the NOT operator on each bit. NOT a yields the inverted value (a.k.a. one's complement) of a. The truth table for the NOT operation is:

a NOT a
0 1
1 0 
 9 (base 10) = 00000000000000000000000000001001 (base 2)
               --------------------------------
~9 (base 10) = 11111111111111111111111111110110 (base 2) = -10 (base 10)

Bitwise NOTing any number x yields -(x + 1). For example, ~5 yields -6.

비트 시프트 연산자

The bitwise shift operators take two operands: the first is a quantity to be shifted, and the second specifies the number of bit positions by which the first operand is to be shifted. The direction of the shift operation is controlled by the operator used.

Shift operators convert their operands to 32-bit integers in big-endian order and return a result of the same type as the left operand. The right operand should be less than 32, but if not only the low five bits will be used.

<< (Left shift)

This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the left. Excess bits shifted off to the left are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the right.

For example, 9 << 2 yields 36:

     9 (base 10): 00000000000000000000000000001001 (base 2)
                  --------------------------------
9 << 2 (base 10): 00000000000000000000000000100100 (base 2) = 36 (base 10)

Bitwise shifting any number x to the left by y bits yields x * 2^y.

>> (Sign-propagating right shift)

This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the right. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Copies of the leftmost bit are shifted in from the left. Since the new leftmost bit has the same value as the previous leftmost bit, the sign bit (the leftmost bit) does not change. Hence the name "sign-propagating".

For example, 9 >> 2 yields 2:

     9 (base 10): 00000000000000000000000000001001 (base 2)
                  --------------------------------
9 >> 2 (base 10): 00000000000000000000000000000010 (base 2) = 2 (base 10)

Likewise, -9 >> 2 yields -3, because the sign is preserved:

     -9 (base 10): 11111111111111111111111111110111 (base 2)
                   --------------------------------
-9 >> 2 (base 10): 11111111111111111111111111111101 (base 2) = -3 (base 10)

>>> (Zero-fill right shift)

This operator shifts the first operand the specified number of bits to the right. Excess bits shifted off to the right are discarded. Zero bits are shifted in from the left. The sign bit becomes 0, so the result is always non-negative.

For non-negative numbers, zero-fill right shift and sign-propagating right shift yield the same result. For example, 9 >>> 2 yields 2, the same as 9 >> 2:

      9 (base 10): 00000000000000000000000000001001 (base 2)
                   --------------------------------
9 >>> 2 (base 10): 00000000000000000000000000000010 (base 2) = 2 (base 10)

However, this is not the case for negative numbers. For example, -9 >>> 2 yields 1073741821, which is different than -9 >> 2 (which yields -3):

      -9 (base 10): 11111111111111111111111111110111 (base 2)
                    --------------------------------
-9 >>> 2 (base 10): 00111111111111111111111111111101 (base 2) = 1073741821 (base 10)

예제

Flags and bitmasks

The bitwise logical operators are often used to create, manipulate, and read sequences of flags, which are like binary variables. Variables could be used instead of these sequences, but binary flags take much less memory (by a factor of 32).

Suppose there are 4 flags:

These flags are represented by a sequence of bits: DCBA. When a flag is set, it has a value of 1. When a flag is cleared, it has a value of 0. Suppose a variable flags has the binary value 0101:

var flags = 5;   // binary 0101

This value indicates:

Since bitwise operators are 32-bit, 0101 is actually 00000000000000000000000000000101, but the preceding zeroes can be neglected since they contain no meaningful information.

A bitmask is a sequence of bits that can manipulate and/or read flags. Typically, a "primitive" bitmask for each flag is defined:

var FLAG_A = 1; // 0001
var FLAG_B = 2; // 0010
var FLAG_C = 4; // 0100
var FLAG_D = 8; // 1000

New bitmasks can be created by using the bitwise logical operators on these primitive bitmasks. For example, the bitmask 1011 can be created by ORing FLAG_A, FLAG_B, and FLAG_D:

var mask = FLAG_A | FLAG_B | FLAG_D; // 0001 | 0010 | 1000 => 1011

Individual flag values can be extracted by ANDing them with a bitmask, where each bit with the value of one will "extract" the corresponding flag. The bitmask masks out the non-relevant flags by ANDing with zeros (hence the term "bitmask"). For example, the bitmask 0100 can be used to see if flag C is set:

// if we own a cat
if (flags & FLAG_C) { // 0101 & 0100 => 0100 => true
   // do stuff
}

A bitmask with multiple set flags acts like an "either/or". For example, the following two are equivalent:

// if we own a bat or we own a cat
if ((flags & FLAG_B) || (flags & FLAG_C)) { // (0101 & 0010) || (0101 & 0100) => 0000 || 0100 => true
   // do stuff
}

// if we own a bat or cat
var mask = FLAG_B | FLAG_C; // 0010 | 0100 => 0110
if (flags & mask) { // 0101 & 0110 => 0100 => true
   // do stuff
}

Flags can be set by ORing them with a bitmask, where each bit with the value one will set the corresponding flag, if that flag isn't already set. For example, the bitmask 1100 can be used to set flags C and D:

// yes, we own a cat and a duck
var mask = FLAG_C | FLAG_D; // 0100 | 1000 => 1100
flags |= mask;   // 0101 | 1100 => 1101

Flags can be cleared by ANDing them with a bitmask, where each bit with the value zero will clear the corresponding flag, if it isn't already cleared. This bitmask can be created by NOTing primitive bitmasks. For example, the bitmask 1010 can be used to clear flags A and C:

// no, we don't have an ant problem or own a cat
var mask = ~(FLAG_A | FLAG_C); // ~0101 => 1010
flags &= mask;   // 1101 & 1010 => 1000

The mask could also have been created with ~FLAG_A & ~FLAG_C (De Morgan's law):

// no, we don't have an ant problem, and we don't own a cat
var mask = ~FLAG_A & ~FLAG_C;
flags &= mask;   // 1101 & 1010 => 1000

Flags can be toggled by XORing them with a bitmask, where each bit with the value one will toggle the corresponding flag. For example, the bitmask 0110 can be used to toggle flags B and C:

// if we didn't have a bat, we have one now, and if we did have one, bye-bye bat
// same thing for cats
var mask = FLAG_B | FLAG_C;
flags = flags ^ mask;   // 1100 ^ 0110 => 1010

Finally, the flags can all be flipped with the NOT operator:

// entering parallel universe...
flags = ~flags;    // ~1010 => 0101

Conversion snippets

Convert a binary string to a decimal number:

var sBinString = "1011";
var nMyNumber = parseInt(sBinString, 2);
alert(nMyNumber); // prints 11, i.e. 1011

Convert a decimal number to a binary string:

var nMyNumber = 11;
var sBinString = nMyNumber.toString(2);
alert(sBinString); // prints 1011, i.e. 11

Automate Mask Creation

If you have to create many masks from some boolean values, you can automatize the process:

function createMask () {
  var nMask = 0, nFlag = 0, nLen = arguments.length > 32 ? 32 : arguments.length;
  for (nFlag; nFlag < nLen; nMask |= arguments[nFlag] << nFlag++);
  return nMask;
}
var mask1 = createMask(true, true, false, true); // 11, i.e.: 1011
var mask2 = createMask(false, false, true); // 4, i.e.: 0100
var mask3 = createMask(true); // 1, i.e.: 0001
// etc.

alert(mask1); // prints 11, i.e.: 1011

Reverse algorithm: an array of booleans from a mask

If you want to create an array of booleans from a mask you can use this code:

function arrayFromMask (nMask) {
  // nMask must be between -2147483648 and 2147483647
  if (nMask > 0x7fffffff || nMask < -0x80000000) { throw new TypeError("arrayFromMask - out of range"); }
  for (var nShifted = nMask, aFromMask = []; nShifted; aFromMask.push(Boolean(nShifted & 1)), nShifted >>>= 1);
  return aFromMask;
}

var array1 = arrayFromMask(11);
var array2 = arrayFromMask(4);
var array3 = arrayFromMask(1);

alert("[" + array1.join(", ") + "]");
// prints "[true, true, false, true]", i.e.: 11, i.e.: 1011

You can test both algorithms at the same time…

var nTest = 19; // our custom mask
var nResult = createMask.apply(this, arrayFromMask(nTest));

alert(nResult); // 19

For didactic purpose only (since there is the Number.toString(2) method), we show how it is possible to modify the arrayFromMask algorithm in order to create a string containing the binary representation of a number, rather than an array of booleans:

function createBinaryString (nMask) {
  // nMask must be between -2147483648 and 2147483647
  for (var nFlag = 0, nShifted = nMask, sMask = ""; nFlag < 32; nFlag++, sMask += String(nShifted >>> 31), nShifted <<= 1);
  return sMask;
}

var string1 = createBinaryString(11);
var string2 = createBinaryString(4);
var string3 = createBinaryString(1);

alert(string1);
// prints 00000000000000000000000000001011, i.e. 11

명세

Specification
{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-bitwise-not-operator', 'Bitwise NOT Operator')}}
{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-binary-bitwise-operators', 'Binary Bitwise Operators')}}
{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-bitwise-shift-operators', 'Bitwise Shift Operators')}}

브라우저 호환성

{{Compat("javascript.operators.bitwise")}}

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