--- title: Typy oraz struktury danych w JavaScript slug: Web/JavaScript/typy_oraz_struktury_danych tags: - JavaScript - Początkujący - Typy danych translation_of: Web/JavaScript/Data_structures ---

Wszystkie języki programowania posiadają wbudowane struktury danych, mogą one jednak różnic się między poszczególnymi językami. Poniższy artykuł jest próbą stworzenia listy wbudowanych typów oraz struktur danych w JavaScript oraz ich właściwości. Mogą być one użyte do tworzenia innych struktur danych. Tam gdzie jest to możliwe dokonano porównania z innymi językami programowania.

Dynamiczne typowanie

JavaScript jest językiem typowanym dynamicznie. Zmienne w Javascript nie są bezpośrednio powiązane z konkretnym typem wartości i możemy im przypisywać wartości dowolnego typu:

let foo = 42;    // foo jest teraz liczbą (number)
foo     = 'bar'; // foo jest teraz ciągiem znaków (string)
foo     = true;  // foo jest teraz type logicznym (boolean)

Data and Structure types

Najnowsza wersja standardu ECMAScript definiuje dziewięć typów danych:

Six Data Types that are primitives, checked by typeof operator:
- undefined : typeof instance === "undefined"
- Boolean : typeof instance === "boolean"
- Number : typeof instance === "number"
- String : typeof instance === "string"
- BigInt : typeof instance === "bigint"
- Symbol : typeof instance === "symbol"
null : typeof instance === "object". Special primitive type having additional usage for it's value: if object is not inherited, then null is shown;
Object : typeof instance === "object". Special non-data but structural type for any constructed object instance also used as data structures: new Object, new Array, new Map, new Set, new WeakMap, new WeakSet, new Date and almost everything made with new keyword;
Function non data structure, though it also answers for typeof operator: typeof instance === "function". This answer is done as a special shorthand for Functions, though every Function constructor is derived from Object constructor.

Keep in mind the only valuable purpose of typeof operator usage is checking the Data Type. If we wish to check any Structural Type derived from Object it is pointless to use typeof for that, as we will always receive "object". The indeed proper way to check what sort of Object we are using an instanceof keyword. But even in that case there might be misconceptions.

Wartości prymitywne

All types except objects define immutable values (that is, values which can't be changed). For example (and unlike in C), Strings are immutable. We refer to values of these types as "primitive values".

Boolean type

Boolean represents a logical entity and can have two values: true and false. See Boolean and {{jsxref("Boolean")}} for more details.

Null type

The Null type has exactly one value: null. See {{jsxref("null")}} and Null for more details.

Undefined type

A variable that has not been assigned a value has the value undefined. See {{jsxref("undefined")}} and Undefined for more details.

Number type

ECMAScript has two built-in numeric types: Number and BigInt (see below).

The Number type is a double-precision 64-bit binary format IEEE 754 value (numbers between -(2⁵³ − 1) and 2⁵³ − 1). In addition to representing floating-point numbers, the number type has three symbolic values: +Infinity, -Infinity, and {{jsxref("NaN")}} ("Not a Number").

To check for the largest available value or smallest available value within {{jsxref("Infinity", "±Infinity")}}, you can use the constants {{jsxref("Number.MAX_VALUE")}} or {{jsxref("Number.MIN_VALUE")}}.

Starting with ECMAScript 2015, you are also able to check if a number is in the double-precision floating-point number range using {{jsxref("Number.isSafeInteger()")}} as well as {{jsxref("Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER")}} and {{jsxref("Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER")}}. Beyond this range, integers in JavaScript are not safe anymore and will be a double-precision floating point approximation of the value.

The number type has only one integer with two representations: 0 is represented as both -0 and +0. (0 is an alias for +0.)

In the praxis, this has almost no impact. For example, +0 === -0 is true. However, you are able to notice this when you divide by zero:

> 42 / +0
Infinity
> 42 / -0
-Infinity

Although a number often represents only its value, JavaScript provides {{jsxref("Operators/Bitwise_Operators", "binary (bitwise) operators")}}.

These bitwise operators can be used to represent several Boolean values within a single number using bit masking. However, this is usually considered a bad practice, since JavaScript offers other means to represent a set of Booleans (like an array of Booleans, or an object with Boolean values assigned to named properties). Bit masking also tends to make the code more difficult to read, understand, and maintain.

It may be necessary to use such techniques in very constrained environments, like when trying to cope with the limitations of local storage, or in extreme cases (such as when each bit over the network counts). This technique should only be considered when it is the last measure that can be taken to optimize size.

BigInt type

The {{jsxref("BigInt")}} type is a numeric primitive in JavaScript that can represent integers with arbitrary precision. With BigInts, you can safely store and operate on large integers even beyond the safe integer limit for Numbers.

A BigInt is created by appending n to the end of an integer or by calling the constructor.

You can obtain the safest value that can be incremented with Numbers by using the constant {{jsxref("Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER")}}. With the introduction of BigInts, you can operate with numbers beyond the {{jsxref("Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER")}}.

This example demonstrates, where incrementing the {{jsxref("Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER")}} returns the expected result:

> const x = 2n ** 53n;
9007199254740992n
> const y = x + 1n;
9007199254740993n

You can use the operators +, *, -, **, and % with BigInts—just like with Numbers. A BigInt is not strictly equal to a Number, but it is loosely so.

A BigInt behaves like a Number in cases where it is converted to Boolean: if, ||, &&, Boolean, !.

BigInts cannot be operated on interchangeably with Numbers. Instead a {{jsxref("TypeError")}} will be thrown.

String type

JavaScript's {{jsxref("String")}} type is used to represent textual data. It is a set of "elements" of 16-bit unsigned integer values. Each element in the String occupies a position in the String. The first element is at index 0, the next at index 1, and so on. The length of a String is the number of elements in it.

Unlike some programming languages (such as C), JavaScript strings are immutable. This means that once a string is created, it is not possible to modify it.

However, it is still possible to create another string based on an operation on the original string. For example:

A substring of the original by picking individual letters or using {{jsxref("String.substr()")}}.
A concatenation of two strings using the concatenation operator (+) or {{jsxref("String.concat()")}}.

Beware of "stringly-typing" your code!

It can be tempting to use strings to represent complex data. Doing this comes with short-term benefits:

It is easy to build complex strings with concatenation.
Strings are easy to debug (what you see printed is always what is in the string).
Strings are the common denominator of a lot of APIs (input fields, local storage values, XMLHttpRequest responses when using responseText, etc.) and it can be tempting to only work with strings.

With conventions, it is possible to represent any data structure in a string. This does not make it a good idea. For instance, with a separator, one could emulate a list (while a JavaScript array would be more suitable). Unfortunately, when the separator is used in one of the "list" elements, then, the list is broken. An escape character can be chosen, etc. All of this requires conventions and creates an unnecessary maintenance burden.

Use strings for textual data. When representing complex data, parse strings and use the appropriate abstraction.

Symbol type

Symbols are new to JavaScript in ECMAScript 2015. A Symbol is a unique and immutable primitive value and may be used as the key of an Object property (see below). In some programming languages, Symbols are called "atoms".

For more details see Symbol and the {{jsxref("Symbol")}} object wrapper in JavaScript.

Obiekty

In computer science, an object is a value in memory which is possibly referenced by an identifier.

Properties

In JavaScript, objects can be seen as a collection of properties. With the object literal syntax, a limited set of properties are initialized; then properties can be added and removed. Property values can be values of any type, including other objects, which enables building complex data structures. Properties are identified using key values. A key value is either a String or a Symbol value.

There are two types of object properties which have certain attributes: The data property and the accessor property.

Data property

Associates a key with a value, and has the following attributes:

Attributes of a data property
Attribute	Type	Description	Default value
[[Value]]	Any JavaScript type	The value retrieved by a get access of the property.	`undefined`
[[Writable]]	Boolean	If `false`, the property's [[Value]] cannot be changed.	`false`
[[Enumerable]]	Boolean	If `true`, the property will be enumerated in for...in loops. See also Enumerability and ownership of properties.	`false`
[[Configurable]]	Boolean	If `false`, the property cannot be deleted, cannot be changed to an accessor property, and attributes other than [[Value]] and [[Writable]] cannot be changed.	`false`

Obsolete attributes (as of ECMAScript 3, renamed in ECMAScript 5)
Attribute	Type	Description
Read-only	Boolean	Reversed state of the ES5 [[Writable]] attribute.
DontEnum	Boolean	Reversed state of the ES5 [[Enumerable]] attribute.
DontDelete	Boolean	Reversed state of the ES5 [[Configurable]] attribute.

Accessor property

Associates a key with one of two accessor functions (get and set) to retrieve or store a value, and has the following attributes:

Attributes of an accessor property
Attribute	Type	Description	Default value
[[Get]]	Function object or `undefined`	The function is called with an empty argument list and retrieves the property value whenever a get access to the value is performed. See also `get`.	`undefined`
[[Set]]	Function object or `undefined`	The function is called with an argument that contains the assigned value and is executed whenever a specified property is attempted to be changed. See also `set`.	`undefined`
[[Enumerable]]	Boolean	If `true`, the property will be enumerated in for...in loops.	`false`
[[Configurable]]	Boolean	If `false`, the property can't be deleted and can't be changed to a data property.	`false`

Note: Attribute is usually used by JavaScript engine, so you can't directly access it (see more about {{jsxref("Object.defineProperty()")}}). That's why the attribute is put in double square brackets instead of single.

"Normal" objects, and functions

A JavaScript object is a mapping between keys and values. Keys are strings (or {{jsxref("Symbol")}}s), and values can be anything. This makes objects a natural fit for hashmaps.

Functions are regular objects with the additional capability of being callable.

Dates

When representing dates, the best choice is to use the built-in Date utility in JavaScript.

Indexed collections: Arrays and typed Arrays

Arrays are regular objects for which there is a particular relationship between integer-key-ed properties and the length property.

Additionally, arrays inherit from Array.prototype, which provides to them a handful of convenient methods to manipulate arrays. For example, indexOf (searching a value in the array) or push (adding an element to the array), and so on. This makes Arrays a perfect candidate to represent lists or sets.

Typed Arrays are new to JavaScript with ECMAScript 2015, and present an array-like view of an underlying binary data buffer. The following table helps determine the equivalent C data types:

Type	Value Range	Size in bytes	Description	Web IDL type	Equivalent C type
{{jsxref("Int8Array")}}	`-128` to `127`	1	8-bit two's complement signed integer	`byte`	`int8_t`
{{jsxref("Uint8Array")}}	`0` to `255`	1	8-bit unsigned integer	`octet`	`uint8_t`
{{jsxref("Uint8ClampedArray")}}	`0` to `255`	1	8-bit unsigned integer (clamped)	`octet`	`uint8_t`
{{jsxref("Int16Array")}}	`-32768` to `32767`	2	16-bit two's complement signed integer	`short`	`int16_t`
{{jsxref("Uint16Array")}}	`0` to `65535`	2	16-bit unsigned integer	`unsigned short`	`uint16_t`
{{jsxref("Int32Array")}}	`-2147483648` to `2147483647`	4	32-bit two's complement signed integer	`long`	`int32_t`
{{jsxref("Uint32Array")}}	`0` to `4294967295`	4	32-bit unsigned integer	`unsigned long`	`uint32_t`
{{jsxref("Float32Array")}}	`1.2`×`10^-38` to `3.4`×`10³⁸`	4	32-bit IEEE floating point number (7 significant digits e.g., `1.1234567`)	`unrestricted float`	`float`
{{jsxref("Float64Array")}}	`5.0`×`10^-324` to `1.8`×`10³⁰⁸`	8	64-bit IEEE floating point number (16 significant digits e.g., `1.123...15`)	`unrestricted double`	`double`
{{jsxref("BigInt64Array")}}	`-2⁶³` to `2⁶³-1`	8	64-bit two's complement signed integer	`bigint`	`int64_t (signed long long)`
{{jsxref("BigUint64Array")}}	`0` to `2⁶⁴-1`	8	64-bit unsigned integer	`bigint`	`uint64_t (unsigned long long)`

Keyed collections: Maps, Sets, WeakMaps, WeakSets

These data structures, introduced in ECMAScript Edition 6, take object references as keys. {{jsxref("Set")}} and {{jsxref("WeakSet")}} represent a set of objects, while {{jsxref("Map")}} and {{jsxref("WeakMap")}} associate a value to an object.

The difference between Maps and WeakMaps is that in the former, object keys can be enumerated over. This allows garbage collection optimizations in the latter case.

One could implement Maps and Sets in pure ECMAScript 5. However, since objects cannot be compared (in the sense of < "less than", for instance), look-up performance would necessarily be linear. Native implementations of them (including WeakMaps) can have look-up performance that is approximately logarithmic to constant time.

Usually, to bind data to a DOM node, one could set properties directly on the object, or use data-* attributes. This has the downside that the data is available to any script running in the same context. Maps and WeakMaps make it easy to privately bind data to an object.

Structured data: JSON

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format, derived from JavaScript, but used by many programming languages. JSON builds universal data structures.

See JSON and {{jsxref("JSON")}} for more details.

More objects in the standard library

JavaScript has a standard library of built-in objects.

Please have a look at the reference to find out about more objects.

Określanie typu za pomocą operatora `typeof`

Operator typeof może być pomocny przy określeniu typu twojej zmiennej.

Więcej szczegółów znajdziecie na stronie poświęconej operatorowi typeof.

Specifications

Specification
{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-ecmascript-data-types-and-values', 'ECMAScript Data Types and Values')}}