--- title: Using server-sent events slug: Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events translation_of: Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events ---

É fácil desenvolver um aplicativo Web que usa server-sent events. Você precisára de um pouco de código no servidor para transmitir eventos para o front-end, mas o código do lado do cliente funciona quase de forma idêntica aos websockets em questão de tratamento de eventos recebidos. Essa é uma conexão unidirecional, portanto você não pode enviar eventos de um cliente para um servidor.

Receiving events from the server

The server-sent event API is contained in the {{domxref("EventSource")}} interface; to open a connection to the server to begin receiving events from it, create a new EventSource object with the URL of a script that generates the events. For example:

const evtSource = new EventSource("ssedemo.php");

If the event generator script is hosted on a different origin, a new EventSource object should be created with both the URL and an options dictionary. For example, assuming the client script is on example.com:

const evtSource = new EventSource("//api.example.com/ssedemo.php", { withCredentials: true } );

Once you've instantiated your event source, you can begin listening for messages from the server by attaching a handler for the {{event("message")}} event:

evtSource.onmessage = function(event) {
  const newElement = document.createElement("li");
  const eventList = document.getElementById("list");

  newElement.innerHTML = "message: " + event.data;
  eventList.appendChild(newElement);
}

This code listens for incoming messages (that is, notices from the server that do not have an event field on them) and appends the message text to a list in the document's HTML.

You can also listen for events with addEventListener():

evtSource.addEventListener("ping", function(event) {
  const newElement = document.createElement("li");
  const time = JSON.parse(event.data).time;
  newElement.innerHTML = "ping at " + time;
  eventList.appendChild(newElement);
});

This code is similar, except that it will be called automatically whenever the server sends a message with the event field set to "ping"; it then parses the JSON in the data field and outputs that information.

When not used over HTTP/2, SSE suffers from a limitation to the maximum number of open connections, which can be specially painful when opening various tabs as the limit is per browser and set to a very low number (6). The issue has been marked as "Won't fix" in Chrome and Firefox. This limit is per browser + domain, so that means that you can open 6 SSE connections across all of the tabs to www.example1.com and another 6 SSE connections to www.example2.com. (from Stackoverflow). When using HTTP/2, the maximum number of simultaneous HTTP streams is negotiated between the server and the client (defaults to 100).

Sending events from the server

The server-side script that sends events needs to respond using the MIME type text/event-stream. Each notification is sent as a block of text terminated by a pair of newlines. For details on the format of the event stream, see {{ anch("Event stream format") }}.

The {{Glossary("PHP")}} code for the example we're using here follows:

date_default_timezone_set("America/New_York");
header("Cache-Control: no-cache");
header("Content-Type: text/event-stream");

$counter = rand(1, 10);
while (true) {
  // Every second, send a "ping" event.

  echo "event: ping\n";
  $curDate = date(DATE_ISO8601);
  echo 'data: {"time": "' . $curDate . '"}';
  echo "\n\n";

  // Send a simple message at random intervals.

  $counter--;

  if (!$counter) {
    echo 'data: This is a message at time ' . $curDate . "\n\n";
    $counter = rand(1, 10);
  }

  ob_end_flush();
  flush();
  sleep(1);
}

The code above generates an event every second, with the event type "ping". Each event's data is a JSON object containing the ISO 8601 timestamp corresponding to the time at which the event was generated. At random intervals, a simple message (with no event type) is sent.

Note: You can find a full example that uses the code shown in this article on GitHub — see Simple SSE demo using PHP.

Error handling

When problems occur (such as a network timeout or issues pertaining to access control), an error event is generated. You can take action on this programmatically by implementing the onerror callback on the EventSource object:

evtSource.onerror = function(err) {
  console.error("EventSource failed:", err);
};

Closing event streams

By default, if the connection between the client and server closes, the connection is restarted. The connection is terminated with the .close() method.

evtSource.close();

Event stream format

The event stream is a simple stream of text data which must be encoded using UTF-8. Messages in the event stream are separated by a pair of newline characters. A colon as the first character of a line is in essence a comment, and is ignored.

Note: The comment line can be used to prevent connections from timing out; a server can send a comment periodically to keep the connection alive.

Each message consists of one or more lines of text listing the fields for that message. Each field is represented by the field name, followed by a colon, followed by the text data for that field's value.

Fields

Each message received has some combination of the following fields, one per line:

event: A string identifying the type of event described. If this is specified, an event will be dispatched on the browser to the listener for the specified event name; the website source code should use addEventListener() to listen for named events. The onmessage handler is called if no event name is specified for a message.
data: The data field for the message. When the EventSource receives multiple consecutive lines that begin with data:, it will concatenate them, inserting a newline character between each one. Trailing newlines are removed.
id: The event ID to set the EventSource object's last event ID value.
retry: The reconnection time to use when attempting to send the event. This must be an integer, specifying the reconnection time in milliseconds. If a non-integer value is specified, the field is ignored.

All other field names are ignored.

Note: If a line doesn't contain a colon, the entire line is treated as the field name with an empty value string.

Examples

Data-only messages

In the following example, there are three messages sent. The first is just a comment, since it starts with a colon character. As mentioned previously, this can be useful as a keep-alive if messages may not be sent regularly.

The second message contains a data field with the value "some text". The third message contains a data field with the value "another message\nwith two lines". Note the newline special character in the value.

: this is a test stream

data: some text

data: another message
data: with two lines

Named events

This example sends some named events. Each has an event name specified by the event field, and a data field whose value is an appropriate JSON string with the data needed for the client to act on the event. The data field could, of course, have any string data; it doesn't have to be JSON.

event: userconnect
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:33:48"}

event: usermessage
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:34:11", "text": "Hi everyone."}

event: userdisconnect
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:34:23"}

event: usermessage
data: {"username": "sean", "time": "02:34:36", "text": "Bye, bobby."}

Mixing and matching

You don't have to use just unnamed messages or typed events; you can mix them together in a single event stream.

event: userconnect
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:33:48"}

data: Here's a system message of some kind that will get used
data: to accomplish some task.

event: usermessage
data: {"username": "bobby", "time": "02:34:11", "text": "Hi everyone."}