---
title: Spread syntax (...)
slug: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Spread_syntax
translation_of: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Spread_syntax
---
<div>{{jsSidebar("Operators")}}</div>

<p><strong>展開運算子</strong>(<code>...</code>) 允許可迭代的陣列或字串展開成０到多個參數(如果是function的話)或是０到多個元素(如果是array或字組的話)，或如果是物件的話則展開成０到多個key-value pair。</p>

<div>{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/js/expressions-spreadsyntax.html")}}</div>

<div class="hidden">The source for this interactive example is stored in a GitHub repository. If you'd like to contribute to the interactive examples project, please clone <a href="https://github.com/mdn/interactive-examples">https://github.com/mdn/interactive-examples</a> and send us a pull request.</div>

<h2 id="語法">語法</h2>

<p>用在呼叫函式時:</p>

<pre class="syntaxbox notranslate"><var>myFunction</var>(...<var>iterableObj</var>);
</pre>

<p>用在陣列或字串時:</p>

<pre class="syntaxbox notranslate">[...<var>iterableObj</var>, '4', 'five', 6];</pre>

<p>用在物件時(new in ECMAScript 2018):</p>

<pre class="syntaxbox notranslate">let <var>objClone</var> = { ...<var>obj</var> };</pre>

<h2 id="Rest_syntax_parameters">Rest syntax (parameters)</h2>

<p>Rest syntax looks exactly like spread syntax. In a way, rest syntax is the opposite of spread syntax. Spread syntax "expands" an array into its elements, while rest syntax collects multiple elements and "condenses" them into a single element. See {{jsxref("Functions/rest_parameters", "rest parameters", "", 1)}}.</p>

<h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2>

<h3 id="Spread_in_function_calls">Spread in function calls</h3>

<h4 id="Replace_apply">Replace apply()</h4>

<p>It is common to use {{jsxref("Function.prototype.apply()")}} in cases where you want to use the elements of an array as arguments to a function.</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">function myFunction(x, y, z) { }
const args = [0, 1, 2];
myFunction.apply(null, args);</pre>

<p>With spread syntax the above can be written as:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">function myFunction(x, y, z) { }
const args = [0, 1, 2];
myFunction(...args);</pre>

<p>Any argument in the argument list can use spread syntax, and the spread syntax can be used multiple times.</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">function myFunction(v, w, x, y, z) { }
const args = [0, 1];
myFunction(-1, ...args, 2, ...[3]);</pre>

<h4 id="Apply_for_new_operator">Apply for new operator</h4>

<p>When calling a constructor with {{jsxref("Operators/new", "new")}} it's not possible to <strong>directly</strong> use an array and <code>apply()</code> (<code>apply()</code> does a <code>[[Call]]</code> and not a <code>[[Construct]]</code>). However, an array can be easily used with <code>new</code> thanks to spread syntax:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">const dateFields = [1970, 0, 1];  // 1 Jan 1970
const d = new Date(...dateFields);
</pre>

<p>To use <code>new</code> with an array of parameters without spread syntax, you would have to do it <strong>indirectly</strong> through partial application:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">function applyAndNew(constructor, args) {
   function partial () {
      return constructor.apply(this, args);
   };
   if (typeof constructor.prototype === "object") {
      partial.prototype = Object.create(constructor.prototype);
   }
   return partial;
}


function myConstructor () {
   console.log("arguments.length: " + arguments.length);
   console.log(arguments);
   this.prop1="val1";
   this.prop2="val2";
};

const myArguments = ["hi", "how", "are", "you", "mr", null];
const myConstructorWithArguments = applyAndNew(myConstructor, myArguments);

console.log(new myConstructorWithArguments);
//  (internal log of myConstructor):           arguments.length: 6
//  (internal log of myConstructor):           ["hi", "how", "are", "you", "mr", null]
//  (log of "new myConstructorWithArguments"): {prop1: "val1", prop2: "val2"}</pre>

<h3 id="Spread_in_array_literals">Spread in array literals</h3>

<h4 id="A_more_powerful_array_literal">A more powerful array literal</h4>

<p>Without spread syntax, to create a new array using an existing array as one part of it, the array literal syntax is no longer sufficient and imperative code must be used instead using a combination of {{jsxref("Array.prototype.push", "push()")}}, {{jsxref("Array.prototype.splice", "splice()")}}, {{jsxref("Array.prototype.concat", "concat()")}}, etc. With spread syntax this becomes much more succinct:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">const parts = ['shoulders', 'knees'];
const lyrics = ['head', ...parts, 'and', 'toes'];
//  ["head", "shoulders", "knees", "and", "toes"]
</pre>

<p>Just like spread for argument lists, <code>...</code> can be used anywhere in the array literal, and may be used more than once.</p>

<h4 id="Copy_an_array">Copy an array</h4>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">const arr = [1, 2, 3];
const arr2 = [...arr]; // like arr.slice()

arr2.push(4);
//  arr2 becomes [1, 2, 3, 4]
//  arr remains unaffected
</pre>

<div class="blockIndicator note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Spread syntax effectively goes one level deep while copying an array. Therefore, it may be unsuitable for copying multidimensional arrays, as the following example shows. (The same is true with {{jsxref("Object.assign()")}} and spread syntax.)</p>

<pre class="brush: js example-bad notranslate">const a = [[1], [2], [3]];
const b = [...a];

b.shift().shift();
//  1

//  Oh no!  Now array 'a' is affected as well:
a
//  [[], [2], [3]]
</pre>
</div>

<h4 id="A_better_way_to_concatenate_arrays">A better way to concatenate arrays</h4>

<p>{{jsxref("Array.prototype.concat()")}} is often used to concatenate an array to the end of an existing array. Without spread syntax, this is done as:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">const arr1 = [0, 1, 2];
const arr2 = [3, 4, 5];

//  Append all items from arr2 onto arr1
arr1 = arr1.concat(arr2);</pre>

<p>With spread syntax this becomes:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">let arr1 = [0, 1, 2];
let arr2 = [3, 4, 5];

arr1 = [...arr1, ...arr2];
//  arr1 is now [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
// Note: Not to use const otherwise, it will give TypeError (invalid assignment)
</pre>

<p>{{jsxref("Array.prototype.unshift()")}} is often used to insert an array of values at the start of an existing array. Without spread syntax, this is done as:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">const arr1 = [0, 1, 2];
const arr2 = [3, 4, 5];

//  Prepend all items from arr2 onto arr1
Array.prototype.unshift.apply(arr1, arr2)

//  arr1 is now [3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2]</pre>

<p>With spread syntax, this becomes:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">let arr1 = [0, 1, 2];
let arr2 = [3, 4, 5];

arr1 = [...arr2, ...arr1];
//  arr1 is now [3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2]
</pre>

<div class="blockIndicator note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Unlike <code>unshift()</code>, this creates a new <code>arr1</code>, and does not modify the original <code>arr1</code> array in-place.</p>
</div>

<h3 id="Spread_in_object_literals">Spread in object literals</h3>

<p>The <a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-object-rest-spread">Rest/Spread Properties for ECMAScript</a> proposal (ES2018) added spread properties to {{jsxref("Operators/Object_initializer", "object literals", 1)}}. It copies own enumerable properties from a provided object onto a new object.</p>

<p>Shallow-cloning (excluding prototype) or merging of objects is now possible using a shorter syntax than {{jsxref("Object.assign()")}}.</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">const obj1 = { foo: 'bar', x: 42 };
const obj2 = { foo: 'baz', y: 13 };

const clonedObj = { ...obj1 };
// Object { foo: "bar", x: 42 }

const mergedObj = { ...obj1, ...obj2 };
// Object { foo: "baz", x: 42, y: 13 }</pre>

<p>Note that {{jsxref("Object.assign()")}} triggers {{jsxref("Functions/set", "setters")}}, whereas spread syntax doesn't.</p>

<p>Note that you cannot replace or mimic the {{jsxref("Object.assign()")}} function:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">let obj1 = { foo: 'bar', x: 42 };
let obj2 = { foo: 'baz', y: 13 };
const merge = ( ...objects ) =&gt; ( { ...objects } );

let mergedObj1 = merge (obj1, obj2);
// Object { 0: { foo: 'bar', x: 42 }, 1: { foo: 'baz', y: 13 } }

let mergedObj2 = merge ({}, obj1, obj2);
// Object { 0: {}, 1: { foo: 'bar', x: 42 }, 2: { foo: 'baz', y: 13 } }</pre>

<p>In the above example, the spread syntax does not work as one might expect: it spreads an <em>array</em> of arguments into the object literal, due to the rest parameter.</p>

<h3 id="Only_for_iterables">Only for iterables</h3>

<p>Objects themselves are not iterable, but they become iterable when used in an Array, or with iterating functions such as <code>map()</code>, <code>reduce()</code>, and <code>assign()</code>. When merging 2 objects together with the spread operator, it is assumed another iterating function is used when the merging occurs.</p>

<p>Spread syntax (other than in the case of spread properties) can be applied only to <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Symbol/iterator">iterable</a> objects:</p>

<pre class="brush: js notranslate">const obj = {'key1': 'value1'};
const array = [...obj]; // TypeError: obj is not iterable
</pre>

<h3 id="Spread_with_many_values">Spread with many values</h3>

<p>When using spread syntax for function calls, be aware of the possibility of exceeding the JavaScript engine's argument length limit. See {{jsxref("Function.prototype.apply", "apply()")}} for more details.</p>

<h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2>

<table class="standard-table">
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th scope="col">Specification</th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
  <tr>
   <td>{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-array-initializer', 'Array initializer')}}</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td>{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-object-initializer', 'Object initializer')}}</td>
  </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

<h2 id="Browser_compatibility">Browser compatibility</h2>



<p>{{Compat("javascript.operators.spread")}}</p>

<h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>

<ul>
 <li>{{jsxref("Functions/rest_parameters", "Rest parameters", "", 1)}} (also ‘<code>...</code>’)</li>
 <li>{{jsxref("Function.prototype.apply()")}} (also ‘<code>...</code>’)</li>
</ul>