path: root/docs/source/markdown/podman-build.1.md

% podman-build(1)

## NAME
podman\-build - Build a container image using a Containerfile

## SYNOPSIS
**podman build** [*options*] [*context*]

**podman image build** [*options*] [*context*]

## DESCRIPTION
**podman build** Builds an image using instructions from one or more Containerfiles or Dockerfiles and a specified build context directory. A Containerfile uses the same syntax as a Dockerfile internally. For this document, a file referred to as a Containerfile can be a file named either 'Containerfile' or 'Dockerfile'.

The build context directory can be specified as the http(s) URL of an archive, git repository or Containerfile.

If no context directory is specified, then Podman will assume the current working directory as the build context, which should contain the Containerfile.

Containerfiles ending with a ".in" suffix will be preprocessed via CPP(1).  This can be useful to decompose Containerfiles into several reusable parts that can be used via CPP's **#include** directive.  Notice, a Containerfile.in file can still be used by other tools when manually preprocessing them via `cpp -E`.

When the URL is an archive, the contents of the URL is downloaded to a temporary location and extracted before execution.

When the URL is an Containerfile, the Containerfile is downloaded to a temporary location.

When a Git repository is set as the URL, the repository is cloned locally and then set as the context.

NOTE: `podman build` uses code sourced from the `buildah` project to build container images.  This `buildah` code creates `buildah` containers for the `RUN` options in container storage. In certain situations, when the `podman build` crashes or users kill the `podman build` process, these external containers can be left in container storage. Use the `podman ps --all --storage` command to see these contaienrs. External containers can be removed with the `podman rm --storage` command.

## OPTIONS

**--add-host**=*host*

Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)

Add a line to /etc/hosts. The format is hostname:ip. The **--add-host** option can be set multiple times.

**--annotation**=*annotation*

Add an image *annotation* (e.g. annotation=*value*) to the image metadata. Can be used multiple times.

Note: this information is not present in Docker image formats, so it is discarded when writing images in Docker formats.

**--arch**=*arch*

Set the ARCH of the image to the provided value instead of the architecture of the host.

**--authfile**=*path*

Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `podman login`.
If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`. (Not available for remote commands)

Note: You can also override the default path of the authentication file by setting the REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE
environment variable. `export REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=path`

**--build-arg**=*arg=value*

Specifies a build argument and its value, which will be interpolated in
instructions read from the Containerfiles in the same way that environment
variables are, but which will not be added to environment variable list in the
resulting image's configuration.

**--cache-from**

Images to utilize as potential cache sources. Podman does not currently support caching so this is a NOOP.

**--cap-add**=*CAP\_xxx*

When executing RUN instructions, run the command specified in the instruction
with the specified capability added to its capability set.
Certain capabilities are granted by default; this option can be used to add
more.

**--cap-drop**=*CAP\_xxx*

When executing RUN instructions, run the command specified in the instruction
with the specified capability removed from its capability set.
The CAP\_AUDIT\_WRITE, CAP\_CHOWN, CAP\_DAC\_OVERRIDE, CAP\_FOWNER,
CAP\_FSETID, CAP\_KILL, CAP\_MKNOD, CAP\_NET\_BIND\_SERVICE, CAP\_SETFCAP,
CAP\_SETGID, CAP\_SETPCAP, CAP\_SETUID, and CAP\_SYS\_CHROOT capabilities are
granted by default; this option can be used to remove them.

If a capability is specified to both the **--cap-add** and **--cap-drop**
options, it will be dropped, regardless of the order in which the options were
given.

**--cert-dir**=*path*

Use certificates at *path* (\*.crt, \*.cert, \*.key) to connect to the registry.
Default certificates directory is _/etc/containers/certs.d_. (Not available for remote commands)

**--cgroup-parent**=*path*

Path to cgroups under which the cgroup for the container will be created. If the path is not absolute, the path is considered to be relative to the cgroups path of the init process. Cgroups will be created if they do not already exist.

**--compress**

This option is added to be aligned with other containers CLIs.
Podman doesn't communicate with a daemon or a remote server.
Thus, compressing the data before sending it is irrelevant to Podman.

**--cni-config-dir**=*directory*

Location of CNI configuration files which will dictate which plugins will be
used to configure network interfaces and routing for containers created for
handling `RUN` instructions, if those containers will be run in their own
network namespaces, and networking is not disabled.

**--cni-plugin-path**=*directory[:directory[:directory[...]]]*

List of directories in which the CNI plugins which will be used for configuring
network namespaces can be found.

**--cpu-period**=*limit*

Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period

Limit the container's CPU usage. This flag tell the kernel to restrict the container's CPU usage to the period you specify.

**--cpu-quota**=*limit*

Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota

Limit the container's CPU usage. By default, containers run with the full
CPU resource. This flag tell the kernel to restrict the container's CPU usage
to the quota you specify.

**--cpu-shares**, **-c**=*shares*

CPU shares (relative weight)

By default, all containers get the same proportion of CPU cycles. This proportion
can be modified by changing the container's CPU share weighting relative
to the weighting of all other running containers.

To modify the proportion from the default of 1024, use the **--cpu-shares**
flag to set the weighting to 2 or higher.

The proportion will only apply when CPU-intensive processes are running.
When tasks in one container are idle, other containers can use the
left-over CPU time. The actual amount of CPU time will vary depending on
the number of containers running on the system.

For example, consider three containers, one has a cpu-share of 1024 and
two others have a cpu-share setting of 512. When processes in all three
containers attempt to use 100% of CPU, the first container would receive
50% of the total CPU time. If you add a fourth container with a cpu-share
of 1024, the first container only gets 33% of the CPU. The remaining containers
receive 16.5%, 16.5% and 33% of the CPU.

On a multi-core system, the shares of CPU time are distributed over all CPU
cores. Even if a container is limited to less than 100% of CPU time, it can
use 100% of each individual CPU core.

For example, consider a system with more than three cores. If you start one
container **{C0}** with **-c=512** running one process, and another container
**{C1}** with **-c=1024** running two processes, this can result in the following
division of CPU shares:

    PID    container	CPU	CPU share
    100    {C0}		0	100% of CPU0
    101    {C1}		1	100% of CPU1
    102    {C1}		2	100% of CPU2

**--cpuset-cpus**=*num*

  CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)

**--cpuset-mems**=*nodes*

Memory nodes (MEMs) in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1). Only effective on NUMA systems.

If you have four memory nodes on your system (0-3), use `--cpuset-mems=0,1`
then processes in your container will only use memory from the first
two memory nodes.

**--creds**=*creds*

The [username[:password]] to use to authenticate with the registry if required.
If one or both values are not supplied, a command line prompt will appear and the
value can be entered.  The password is entered without echo.

**--device**=_host-device_[**:**_container-device_][**:**_permissions_]

Add a host device to the container. Optional *permissions* parameter
can be used to specify device permissions, it is combination of
**r** for read, **w** for write, and **m** for **mknod**(2).

Example: **--device=/dev/sdc:/dev/xvdc:rwm**.

Note: if _host_device_ is a symbolic link then it will be resolved first.
The container will only store the major and minor numbers of the host device.

Note: if the user only has access rights via a group, accessing the device
from inside a rootless container will fail. The **crun**(1) runtime offers a
workaround for this by adding the option **--annotation run.oci.keep_original_groups=1**.

**--disable-compression**, **-D**

Don't compress filesystem layers when building the image unless it is required
by the location where the image is being written.  This is the default setting,
because image layers are compressed automatically when they are pushed to
registries, and images being written to local storage would only need to be
decompressed again to be stored.  Compression can be forced in all cases by
specifying **--disable-compression=false**.

**--disable-content-trust**

This is a Docker specific option to disable image verification to a Docker
registry and is not supported by Podman.  This flag is a NOOP and provided
solely for scripting compatibility.

**--dns**=*dns*

Set custom DNS servers

This option can be used to override the DNS configuration passed to the container. Typically this is necessary when the host DNS configuration is invalid for the container (e.g., 127.0.0.1). When this is the case the `--dns` flag is necessary for every run.

The special value **none** can be specified to disable creation of /etc/resolv.conf in the container by Podman. The /etc/resolv.conf file in the image will be used without changes.

**--dns-option**=*option*

Set custom DNS options

**--dns-search**=*domain*

Set custom DNS search domains

**--file**, **-f**=*Containerfile*

Specifies a Containerfile which contains instructions for building the image,
either a local file or an **http** or **https** URL.  If more than one
Containerfile is specified, *FROM* instructions will only be accepted from the
first specified file.

If a build context is not specified, and at least one Containerfile is a
local file, the directory in which it resides will be used as the build
context.

If you specify `-f -`, the Containerfile contents will be read from stdin.

**--force-rm**=*true|false*

Always remove intermediate containers after a build, even if the build fails (default false).

**--format**

Control the format for the built image's manifest and configuration data.
Recognized formats include *oci* (OCI image-spec v1.0, the default) and
*docker* (version 2, using schema format 2 for the manifest).

Note: You can also override the default format by setting the BUILDAH\_FORMAT
environment variable.  `export BUILDAH_FORMAT=docker`

**-h**, **--help**

Print usage statement

**--http-proxy**

Pass through HTTP Proxy environment variables.

**--iidfile**=*ImageIDfile*

Write the image ID to the file.

**--ipc**=*how*

Sets the configuration for IPC namespaces when handling `RUN` instructions.
The configured value can be "" (the empty string) or "container" to indicate
that a new IPC namespace should be created, or it can be "host" to indicate
that the IPC namespace in which `podman` itself is being run should be reused,
or it can be the path to an IPC namespace which is already in use by
another process.

**--isolation**=*type*

Controls what type of isolation is used for running processes as part of `RUN`
instructions.  Recognized types include *oci* (OCI-compatible runtime, the
default), *rootless* (OCI-compatible runtime invoked using a modified
configuration and its --rootless flag enabled, with *--no-new-keyring
--no-pivot* added to its *create* invocation, with network and UTS namespaces
disabled, and IPC, PID, and user namespaces enabled; the default for
unprivileged users), and *chroot* (an internal wrapper that leans more toward
chroot(1) than container technology).

Note: You can also override the default isolation type by setting the
BUILDAH\_ISOLATION environment variable.  `export BUILDAH_ISOLATION=oci`

**--jobs**=*number*
How many stages to run in parallel (default 1)

**--label**=*label*

Add an image *label* (e.g. label=*value*) to the image metadata. Can be used multiple times.

Users can set a special LABEL **io.containers.capabilities=CAP1,CAP2,CAP3** in
a Containerfile that specified the list of Linux capabilities required for the
container to run properly. This label specified in a container image tells
Podman to run the container with just these capabilities. Podman launches the
container with just the specified capabilities, as long as this list of
capabilities is a subset of the default list.

If the specified capabilities are not in the default set, Podman will
print an error message and will run the container with the default capabilities.

**--layers**

Cache intermediate images during the build process (Default is `true`).

Note: You can also override the default value of layers by setting the BUILDAH\_LAYERS
environment variable. `export BUILDAH_LAYERS=true`

**--logfile**=*filename*

Log output which would be sent to standard output and standard error to the
specified file instead of to standard output and standard error.

**--loglevel**=*number*

Adjust the logging level up or down.  Valid option values range from -2 to 3,
with 3 being roughly equivalent to using the global *--debug* option, and
values below 0 omitting even error messages which accompany fatal errors.

**--memory**, **-m**=*LIMIT*
Memory limit (format: <number>[<unit>], where unit = b (bytes), k (kilobytes), m (megabytes), or g (gigabytes))

Allows you to constrain the memory available to a container. If the host
supports swap memory, then the **-m** memory setting can be larger than physical
RAM. If a limit of 0 is specified (not using **-m**), the container's memory is
not limited. The actual limit may be rounded up to a multiple of the operating
system's page size (the value would be very large, that's millions of trillions).

**--memory-swap**=*LIMIT*

A limit value equal to memory plus swap. Must be used with the  **-m**
(**--memory**) flag. The swap `LIMIT` should always be larger than **-m**
(**--memory**) value.  By default, the swap `LIMIT` will be set to double
the value of --memory.

The format of `LIMIT` is `<number>[<unit>]`. Unit can be `b` (bytes),
`k` (kilobytes), `m` (megabytes), or `g` (gigabytes). If you don't specify a
unit, `b` is used. Set LIMIT to `-1` to enable unlimited swap.

**--net**, **--network**=*string*

Sets the configuration for network namespaces when handling `RUN` instructions.
The configured value can be "" (the empty string) or "container" to indicate
that a new network namespace should be created, or it can be "host" to indicate
that the network namespace in which `podman` itself is being run should be
reused, or it can be the path to a network namespace which is already in use by
another process.

**--no-cache**

Do not use existing cached images for the container build. Build from the start with a new set of cached layers.

**--omit-timestamp** *bool-value*

Set the create timestamp to epoch 0 to allow for deterministic builds (defaults to false).
By default, the created timestamp is changed and written into the image manifest with every commit,
causing the image's sha256 hash to be different even if the sources are exactly the same otherwise.
When --omit-timestamp is set to true, the created timestamp is always set to the epoch and therefore not
changed, allowing the image's sha256 to remain the same. All files committed to the layers of the image
will get the epoch 0 timestamp.

**--os**=*string*

Set the OS to the provided value instead of the current operating system of the host.

**--pid**=*pid*

Sets the configuration for PID namespaces when handling `RUN` instructions.
The configured value can be "" (the empty string) or "container" to indicate
that a new PID namespace should be created, or it can be "host" to indicate
that the PID namespace in which `podman` itself is being run should be reused,
or it can be the path to a PID namespace which is already in use by another
process.

**--platform**="Linux"

This option has no effect on the build. Other container engines use this option
to control the execution platform for the build (e.g., Windows, Linux) which is
not required for Buildah as it supports only Linux.

**--pull**

When the flag is enabled, attempt to pull the latest image from the registries
listed in registries.conf if a local image does not exist or the image is newer
than the one in storage. Raise an error if the image is not in any listed
registry and is not present locally.

If the flag is disabled (with *--pull=false*), do not pull the image from the
registry, unless there is no local image. Raise an error if the image is not
in any registry and is not present locally.

Defaults to *true*.

**--pull-always**

Pull the image from the first registry it is found in as listed in registries.conf.
Raise an error if not found in the registries, even if the image is present locally.

**--pull-never**

Do not pull the image from the registry, use only the local version. Raise an error
if the image is not present locally.

**--quiet**, **-q**

Suppress output messages which indicate which instruction is being processed,
and of progress when pulling images from a registry, and when writing the
output image.

**--rm**=*true|false*

Remove intermediate containers after a successful build (default true).

**--runtime**=*path*

The *path* to an alternate OCI-compatible runtime, which will be used to run
commands specified by the **RUN** instruction.

Note: You can also override the default runtime by setting the BUILDAH\_RUNTIME
environment variable.  `export BUILDAH_RUNTIME=/usr/local/bin/runc`

**--runtime-flag**=*flag*

Adds global flags for the container runtime. To list the supported flags, please
consult the manpages of the selected container runtime (`runc` is the default
runtime, the manpage to consult is `runc(8)`.  When the machine is configured
for cgroup V2, the default runtime is `crun`, the manpage to consult is `crun(8)`.).

Note: Do not pass the leading `--` to the flag. To pass the runc flag `--log-format json`
to podman build, the option given would be `--runtime-flag log-format=json`.

**--security-opt**=*option*

Security Options

- `apparmor=unconfined` : Turn off apparmor confinement for the container
- `apparmor=your-profile` : Set the apparmor confinement profile for the container

- `label=user:USER`     : Set the label user for the container processes
- `label=role:ROLE`     : Set the label role for the container processes
- `label=type:TYPE`     : Set the label process type for the container processes
- `label=level:LEVEL`   : Set the label level for the container processes
- `label=filetype:TYPE` : Set the label file type for the container files
- `label=disable`       : Turn off label separation for the container

- `seccomp=unconfined` : Turn off seccomp confinement for the container
- `seccomp=profile.json` :  White listed syscalls seccomp Json file to be used as a seccomp filter

**--shm-size**=*size*

Size of `/dev/shm`. The format is `<number><unit>`. `number` must be greater than `0`.
Unit is optional and can be `b` (bytes), `k` (kilobytes), `m`(megabytes), or `g` (gigabytes).
If you omit the unit, the system uses bytes. If you omit the size entirely, the system uses `64m`.

**--sign-by**=*fingerprint*

Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified FINGERPRINT.

**--squash**

Squash all of the image's new layers into a single new layer; any preexisting layers
are not squashed.

**--squash-all**

Squash all of the new image's layers (including those inherited from a base image) into a single new layer.

**--tag**, **-t**=*imageName*

Specifies the name which will be assigned to the resulting image if the build
process completes successfully.
If _imageName_ does not include a registry name, the registry name *localhost* will be prepended to the image name.

**--target**=*stageName*

Set the target build stage to build.  When building a Containerfile with multiple build stages, --target
can be used to specify an intermediate build stage by name as the final stage for the resulting image.
Commands after the target stage will be skipped.

**--tls-verify**=*true|false*

Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container registries (defaults to true). (Not available for remote commands)

**--ulimit**=*type*=*soft-limit*[:*hard-limit*]

Specifies resource limits to apply to processes launched when processing `RUN` instructions.
This option can be specified multiple times.  Recognized resource types
include:
  "core": maximum core dump size (ulimit -c)
  "cpu": maximum CPU time (ulimit -t)
  "data": maximum size of a process's data segment (ulimit -d)
  "fsize": maximum size of new files (ulimit -f)
  "locks": maximum number of file locks (ulimit -x)
  "memlock": maximum amount of locked memory (ulimit -l)
  "msgqueue": maximum amount of data in message queues (ulimit -q)
  "nice": niceness adjustment (nice -n, ulimit -e)
  "nofile": maximum number of open files (ulimit -n)
  "nproc": maximum number of processes (ulimit -u)
  "rss": maximum size of a process's (ulimit -m)
  "rtprio": maximum real-time scheduling priority (ulimit -r)
  "rttime": maximum amount of real-time execution between blocking syscalls
  "sigpending": maximum number of pending signals (ulimit -i)
  "stack": maximum stack size (ulimit -s)

**--userns**=*how*

Sets the configuration for user namespaces when handling `RUN` instructions.
The configured value can be "" (the empty string) or "container" to indicate
that a new user namespace should be created, it can be "host" to indicate that
the user namespace in which `podman` itself is being run should be reused, or
it can be the path to an user namespace which is already in use by another
process.

**--userns-uid-map**=*mapping*

Directly specifies a UID mapping which should be used to set ownership, at the
filesystem level, on the working container's contents.
Commands run when handling `RUN` instructions will default to being run in
their own user namespaces, configured using the UID and GID maps.

Entries in this map take the form of one or more triples of a starting
in-container UID, a corresponding starting host-level UID, and the number of
consecutive IDs which the map entry represents.

This option overrides the *remap-uids* setting in the *options* section of
/etc/containers/storage.conf.

If this option is not specified, but a global --userns-uid-map setting is
supplied, settings from the global option will be used.

If none of --userns-uid-map-user, --userns-gid-map-group, or --userns-uid-map
are specified, but --userns-gid-map is specified, the UID map will be set to
use the same numeric values as the GID map.

**--userns-gid-map**=*mapping*

Directly specifies a GID mapping which should be used to set ownership, at the
filesystem level, on the working container's contents.
Commands run when handling `RUN` instructions will default to being run in
their own user namespaces, configured using the UID and GID maps.

Entries in this map take the form of one or more triples of a starting
in-container GID, a corresponding starting host-level GID, and the number of
consecutive IDs which the map entry represents.

This option overrides the *remap-gids* setting in the *options* section of
/etc/containers/storage.conf.

If this option is not specified, but a global --userns-gid-map setting is
supplied, settings from the global option will be used.

If none of --userns-uid-map-user, --userns-gid-map-group, or --userns-gid-map
are specified, but --userns-uid-map is specified, the GID map will be set to
use the same numeric values as the UID map.

**--userns-uid-map-user**=*user*

Specifies that a UID mapping which should be used to set ownership, at the
filesystem level, on the working container's contents, can be found in entries
in the `/etc/subuid` file which correspond to the specified user.
Commands run when handling `RUN` instructions will default to being run in
their own user namespaces, configured using the UID and GID maps.
If --userns-gid-map-group is specified, but --userns-uid-map-user is not
specified, `podman` will assume that the specified group name is also a
suitable user name to use as the default setting for this option.

**--userns-gid-map-group**=*group*

Specifies that a GID mapping which should be used to set ownership, at the
filesystem level, on the working container's contents, can be found in entries
in the `/etc/subgid` file which correspond to the specified group.
Commands run when handling `RUN` instructions will default to being run in
their own user namespaces, configured using the UID and GID maps.
If --userns-uid-map-user is specified, but --userns-gid-map-group is not
specified, `podman` will assume that the specified user name is also a
suitable group name to use as the default setting for this option.

**--uts**=*how*

Sets the configuration for UTS namespaces when the handling `RUN` instructions.
The configured value can be "" (the empty string) or "container" to indicate
that a new UTS namespace should be created, or it can be "host" to indicate
that the UTS namespace in which `podman` itself is being run should be reused,
or it can be the path to a UTS namespace which is already in use by another
process.

**--volume**, **-v**[=*[HOST-DIR:CONTAINER-DIR[:OPTIONS]]*]

   Create a bind mount. If you specify, ` -v /HOST-DIR:/CONTAINER-DIR`, Podman
   bind mounts `/HOST-DIR` in the host to `/CONTAINER-DIR` in the Podman
   container. The `OPTIONS` are a comma delimited list and can be: <sup>[[1]](#Footnote1)</sup>

   * [rw|ro]
   * [z|Z|O]
   * [`[r]shared`|`[r]slave`|`[r]private`]

The `CONTAINER-DIR` must be an absolute path such as `/src/docs`. The `HOST-DIR`
must be an absolute path as well. Podman bind-mounts the `HOST-DIR` to the
path you specify. For example, if you supply `/foo` as the host path,
Podman copies the contents of `/foo` to the container filesystem on the host
and bind mounts that into the container.

You can specify multiple  **-v** options to mount one or more mounts to a
container.

You can add the `:ro` or `:rw` suffix to a volume to mount it read-only or
read-write mode, respectively. By default, the volumes are mounted read-write.
See examples.

  `Labeling Volume Mounts`

Labeling systems like SELinux require that proper labels are placed on volume
content mounted into a container. Without a label, the security system might
prevent the processes running inside the container from using the content. By
default, Podman does not change the labels set by the OS.

To change a label in the container context, you can add either of two suffixes
`:z` or `:Z` to the volume mount. These suffixes tell Podman to relabel file
objects on the shared volumes. The `z` option tells Podman that two containers
share the volume content. As a result, Podman labels the content with a shared
content label. Shared volume labels allow all containers to read/write content.
The `Z` option tells Podman to label the content with a private unshared label.
Only the current container can use a private volume.

  `Overlay Volume Mounts`

   The `:O` flag tells Podman to mount the directory from the host as a temporary storage using the Overlay file system. The `RUN` command containers are allowed to modify contents within the mountpoint and are stored in the container storage in a separate directory.  In Overlay FS terms the source directory will be the lower, and the container storage directory will be the upper. Modifications to the mount point are destroyed when the `RUN` command finishes executing, similar to a tmpfs mount point.

  Any subsequent execution of `RUN` commands sees the original source directory content, any changes from previous RUN commands no longer exists.

  One use case of the `overlay` mount is sharing the package cache from the host into the container to allow speeding up builds.

  Note:

     - Overlay mounts are not currently supported in rootless mode.
     - The `O` flag is not allowed to be specified with the `Z` or `z` flags. Content mounted into the container is labeled with the private label.
       On SELinux systems, labels in the source directory needs to be readable by the container label. If not, SELinux container separation must be disabled for the container to work.
     - Modification of the directory volume mounted into the container with an overlay mount can cause unexpected failures.  It is recommended that you do not modify the directory until the container finishes running.

By default bind mounted volumes are `private`. That means any mounts done
inside container will not be visible on the host and vice versa. This behavior can
be changed by specifying a volume mount propagation property.

When the mount propagation policy is set to `shared`, any mounts completed inside
the container on that volume will be visible to both the host and container. When
the mount propagation policy is set to `slave`, one way mount propagation is enabled
and any mounts completed on the host for that volume will be visible only inside of the container.
To control the mount propagation property of volume use the `:[r]shared`,
`:[r]slave` or `:[r]private` propagation flag. The propagation property can
be specified only for bind mounted volumes and not for internal volumes or
named volumes. For mount propagation to work on the source mount point (mount point
where source dir is mounted on) has to have the right propagation properties. For
shared volumes, the source mount point has to be shared. And for slave volumes,
the source mount has to be either shared or slave. <sup>[[1]](#Footnote1)</sup>

Use `df <source-dir>` to determine the source mount and then use
`findmnt -o TARGET,PROPAGATION <source-mount-dir>` to determine propagation
properties of source mount, if `findmnt` utility is not available, the source mount point
can be determined by looking at the mount entry in `/proc/self/mountinfo`. Look
at `optional fields` and see if any propagation properties are specified.
`shared:X` means the mount is `shared`, `master:X` means the mount is `slave` and if
nothing is there that means the mount is `private`. <sup>[[1]](#Footnote1)</sup>

To change propagation properties of a mount point use the `mount` command. For
example, to bind mount the source directory `/foo` do
`mount --bind /foo /foo` and `mount --make-private --make-shared /foo`. This
will convert /foo into a `shared` mount point.  The propagation properties of the source
mount can be changed directly. For instance if `/` is the source mount for
`/foo`, then use `mount --make-shared /` to convert `/` into a `shared` mount.

## EXAMPLES

### Build an image using local Containerfiles

```
$ podman build .

$ podman build -f Containerfile.simple .

$ cat $HOME/Dockerfile | podman build -f - .

$ podman build -f Dockerfile.simple -f Containerfile.notsosimple .

$ podman build -f Dockerfile.in $HOME

$ podman build -t imageName .

$ podman build --tls-verify=true -t imageName -f Dockerfile.simple .

$ podman build --tls-verify=false -t imageName .

$ podman build --runtime-flag log-format=json .

$ podman build --runtime-flag debug .

$ podman build --authfile /tmp/auths/myauths.json --cert-dir $HOME/auth --tls-verify=true --creds=username:password -t imageName -f Dockerfile.simple .

$ podman build --memory 40m --cpu-period 10000 --cpu-quota 50000 --ulimit nofile=1024:1028 -t imageName .

$ podman build --security-opt label=level:s0:c100,c200 --cgroup-parent /path/to/cgroup/parent -t imageName .

$ podman build --volume /home/test:/myvol:ro,Z -t imageName .

$ podman build -v /var/lib/yum:/var/lib/yum:O -t imageName .

$ podman build --layers -t imageName .

$ podman build --no-cache -t imageName .

$ podman build --layers --force-rm -t imageName .

$ podman build --no-cache --rm=false -t imageName .
```

### Building an image using a URL, Git repo, or archive

  The build context directory can be specified as a URL to a Containerfile, a Git repository, or URL to an archive. If the URL is a Containerfile, it is downloaded to a temporary location and used as the context. When a Git repository is set as the URL, the repository is cloned locally to a temporary location and then used as the context. Lastly, if the URL is an archive, it is downloaded to a temporary location and extracted before being used as the context.

#### Building an image using a URL to a Containerfile

  Podman will download the Containerfile to a temporary location and then use it as the build context.

```
$ podman build https://10.10.10.1/podman/Containerfile
```

#### Building an image using a Git repository

  Podman will clone the specified GitHub repository to a temporary location and use it as the context. The Containerfile at the root of the repository will be used and it only works if the GitHub repository is a dedicated repository.

```
$ podman build git://github.com/scollier/purpletest
```

#### Building an image using a URL to an archive

  Podman will fetch the archive file, decompress it, and use its contents as the build context. The Containerfile at the root of the archive and the rest of the archive will get used as the context of the build. If you pass `-f PATH/Containerfile` option as well, the system will look for that file inside the contents of the archive.

```
$ podman build -f dev/Containerfile https://10.10.10.1/podman/context.tar.gz
```

  Note: supported compression formats are 'xz', 'bzip2', 'gzip' and 'identity' (no compression).

## Files

### `.dockerignore`

If the file .dockerignore exists in the context directory, `podman build` reads
its contents. Podman uses the content to exclude files and directories from
the context directory, when executing COPY and ADD directives in the
Containerfile/Dockerfile

Users can specify a series of Unix shell globals in a .dockerignore file to
identify files/directories to exclude.

Podman supports a special wildcard string `**` which matches any number of
directories (including zero). For example, **/*.go will exclude all files that
end with .go that are found in all directories.

Example .dockerignore file:

```
# exclude this content for image
*/*.c
**/output*
src
```

`*/*.c`
Excludes files and directories whose names ends with .c in any top level subdirectory. For example, the source file include/rootless.c.

`**/output*`
Excludes files and directories starting with `output` from any directory.

`src`
Excludes files named src and the directory src as well as any content in it.

Lines starting with ! (exclamation mark) can be used to make exceptions to
exclusions. The following is an example .dockerignore file that uses this
mechanism:
```
*.doc
!Help.doc
```

Exclude all doc files except Help.doc from the image.

This functionality is compatible with the handling of .dockerignore files described here:

https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#dockerignore-file

**registries.conf** (`/etc/containers/registries.conf`)

registries.conf is the configuration file which specifies which container registries should be consulted when completing image names which do not include a registry or domain portion.

## Troubleshooting

If you are using a useradd command within a Containerfile with a large UID/GID, it will create a large sparse file `/var/log/lastlog`.  This can cause the build to hang forever.  Go language does not support sparse files correctly, which can lead to some huge files being created in your container image.

### Solution

If you are using `useradd` within your build script, you should pass the `--no-log-init or -l` option to the `useradd` command.  This option tells useradd to stop creating the lastlog file.

## SEE ALSO
podman(1), buildah(1), containers-registries.conf(5), crun(8), runc(8), useradd(8), podman-ps(1), podman-rm(1)

## HISTORY
Aug 2020, Additional options and .dockerignore added by Dan Walsh <dwalsh@redhat.com>

May 2018, Minor revisions added by Joe Doss <joe@solidadmin.com>

December 2017, Originally compiled by Tom Sweeney <tsweeney@redhat.com>

## FOOTNOTES
<a name="Footnote1">1</a>: The Podman project is committed to inclusivity, a core value of open source. The `master` and `slave` mount propagation terminology used here is problematic and divisive, and should be changed. However, these terms are currently used within the Linux kernel and must be used as-is at this time. When the kernel maintainers rectify this usage, Podman will follow suit immediately.