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| author | Florian Merz <me@fiji-flo.de> | 2021-02-11 14:47:40 +0100 |
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| committer | Florian Merz <me@fiji-flo.de> | 2021-02-11 14:47:40 +0100 |
| commit | de6a111b5e7ec37c4965111a580217d0b1fd2736 (patch) | |
| tree | 311c744a0d36b81c94ecc65a4429e8eb24a66aea /files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html | |
| parent | 8260a606c143e6b55a467edf017a56bdcd6cba7e (diff) | |
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diff --git a/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/document_and_website_structure/index.html b/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/document_and_website_structure/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5563c68fd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/document_and_website_structure/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,293 @@ +--- +title: Document and website structure +slug: Learn/HTML/Pengenalan_HTML/Document_and_website_structure +tags: + - HTML + - Halaman + - Panduan + - Pemula + - Script Coding + - Situs + - Tata letak + - blocks + - semantic +translation_of: Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure +--- +<div>{{LearnSidebar}}</div> + +<div>{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}</div> + +<p class="summary">Selain mendefinisikan setiap bagian halaman Anda (seperti "paragraf" atau "gambar"), {{glossary("HTML")}} juga menawarkan sejumlah elemen tingkat blok yang digunakan untuk menentukan area situs web Anda (seperti "header", "menu navigasi", "kolom konten utama"). Artikel ini membahas cara merencanakan struktur situs web dasar, dan menulis HTML untuk mewakili struktur ini.</p> + +<table class="learn-box standard-table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="row">Prerequisites:</th> + <td>Basic HTML familiarity, as covered in <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started">Getting started with HTML</a>. HTML text formatting, as covered in <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">HTML text fundamentals</a>. How hyperlinks work, as covered in <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Creating hyperlinks</a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row">Objective:</th> + <td>Learn how to structure your document using semantic tags, and how to work out the structure of a simple website.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="Bagian_dasar_dari_suatu_dokumen">Bagian dasar dari suatu dokumen</h2> + +<p>Halaman web dapat dan akan terlihat sangat berbeda satu sama lain, tetapi mereka semua cenderung berbagi komponen standar yang sama, kecuali halaman menampilkan video layar penuh atau permainan, adalah bagian dari semacam proyek seni, atau hanya terstruktur dengan buruk:</p> + +<dl> + <dt>header (tajuk):</dt> + <dd>Biasanya strip besar di bagian atas dengan tajuk besar, logo, dan mungkin tagline. Ini biasanya tetap sama dari satu halaman web ke yang lain.</dd> + <dt>navigation bar (bilah navigasi):</dt> + <dd>Tautan ke bagian utama situs; biasanya diwakili oleh tombol menu, tautan, atau tab. Seperti tajuk, konten ini biasanya tetap konsisten dari satu halaman web ke halaman web lainnya - memiliki navigasi yang tidak konsisten pada situs web Anda hanya akan menyebabkan pengguna yang bingung dan frustrasi. Banyak perancang web menganggap bilah navigasi sebagai bagian dari tajuk daripada komponen individual, tetapi itu bukan keharusan; pada kenyataannya, beberapa juga berpendapat bahwa memiliki dua terpisah lebih baik untuk aksesibilitas, karena pembaca layar dapat membaca dua fitur lebih baik jika mereka terpisah.</dd> + <dt>main content (konten utama):</dt> + <dd>Area besar di tengah yang berisi sebagian besar konten unik dari halaman web yang diberikan, misalnya, video yang ingin Anda tonton, atau cerita utama yang Anda baca, atau peta yang ingin Anda lihat, atau berita utama, dll. Ini adalah satu bagian dari situs web yang pasti akan bervariasi dari halaman ke halaman!</dd> + <dt>sidebar (bilah samping):</dt> + <dd>Beberapa info tambahan, tautan, kutipan, iklan, dll. Biasanya, ini kontekstual dengan apa yang terkandung dalam konten utama (misalnya pada halaman artikel berita, bilah sisi mungkin berisi bio penulis, atau tautan ke artikel terkait) tetapi ada juga merupakan kasus di mana Anda akan menemukan beberapa elemen berulang seperti sistem navigasi sekunder.</dd> + <dt>footer:</dt> + <dd>Strip di bagian bawah halaman yang umumnya berisi cetakan, pemberitahuan hak cipta, atau info kontak. Ini adalah tempat untuk menaruh informasi umum (seperti header) tetapi biasanya, informasi itu tidak penting atau sekunder untuk situs web itu sendiri. Footer juga terkadang digunakan untuk {{Glossary("SEO")}} tujuan, dengan menyediakan tautan untuk akses cepat ke konten populer.</dd> +</dl> + +<p>A "typical website" could be structured something like this:</p> + +<p><img alt="a simple website structure example featuring a main heading, navigation menu, main content, side bar, and footer." src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12417/sample-website.png" style="display: block; margin: 0 auto;"></p> + +<h2 id="HTML_for_structuring_content">HTML for structuring content</h2> + +<p>The simple example shown above isn't pretty, but it is perfectly fine for illustrating a typical website layout example. Some websites have more columns, some are a lot more complex, but you get the idea. With the right CSS, you could use pretty much any elements to wrap around the different sections and get it looking how you wanted, but as discussed before, we need to respect semantics and <strong>use the right element for the right job</strong>.</p> + +<p>This is because visuals don't tell the whole story. We use color and font size to draw sighted users' attention to the most useful parts of the content, like the navigation menu and related links, but what about visually impaired people for example, who might not find concepts like "pink" and "large font" very useful?</p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>Note</strong>: Colorblind people represent around <a href="http://www.color-blindness.com/2006/04/28/colorblind-population/">4% of the world population</a> or, to put it another way, approximately 1 in every 12 men and 1 in every 200 women are colorblind. Blind and visually impaired people represent roughly 4-5% of the world population (in 2012 there were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment">285 million such people in the world</a>, while the total population was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_human_population#/media/File:World_population_history.svg">around 7 billion</a>).</p> +</div> + +<p>In your HTML code, you can mark up sections of content based on their <em>functionality</em> — you can use elements that represent the sections of content described above unambiguously, and assistive technologies like screenreaders can recognise those elements and help with tasks like "find the main navigation", or "find the main content." As we mentioned earlier in the course, there are a number of <a href="/en-US/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals#Why_do_we_need_structure">consequences of not using the right element structure and semantics for the right job</a>.</p> + +<p>Untuk menerapkan mark up semantik tersebut, HTML menyediakan tag khusus yang dapat Anda gunakan untuk mewakili bagian tersebut, misalnya:</p> + +<ul> + <li><strong>header: </strong>{{htmlelement("header")}}.</li> + <li><strong>navigation bar: </strong>{{htmlelement("nav")}}.</li> + <li><strong>main content: </strong>{{htmlelement("main")}}, with various content subsections represented by {{HTMLElement("article")}}, {{htmlelement("section")}}, and {{htmlelement("div")}} elements.</li> + <li><strong>sidebar: </strong>{{htmlelement("aside")}}; often placed inside {{htmlelement("main")}}.</li> + <li><strong>footer: </strong>{{htmlelement("footer")}}.</li> +</ul> + +<h3 id="Active_learning_exploring_the_code_for_our_example">Active learning: exploring the code for our example</h3> + +<p>Our example seen above is represented by the following code (you can also <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/master/html/introduction-to-html/document_and_website_structure/index.html">find the example in our GitHub repository</a>). Kami ingin Anda melihat contoh di atas, dan kemudian melihat daftar di bawah untuk melihat bagian apa yang membentuk bagian visual apa.</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <meta charset="utf-8"> + + <title>My page title</title> + <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans+Condensed:300|Sonsie+One" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"> + + <!-- the below three lines are a fix to get HTML5 semantic elements working in old versions of Internet Explorer--> + <!--[if lt IE 9]> + <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.js"></script> + <![endif]--> + </head> + + <body> + <!-- Here is our main header that is used across all the pages of our website --> + + <header> + <h1>Header</h1> + </header> + + <nav> + <ul> + <li><a href="#">Home</a></li> + <li><a href="#">Our team</a></li> + <li><a href="#">Projects</a></li> + <li><a href="#">Contact</a></li> + </ul> + + <!-- A Search form is another commmon non-linear way to navigate through a website. --> + + <form> + <input type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search query"> + <input type="submit" value="Go!"> + </form> + </nav> + + <!-- Here is our page's main content --> + <main> + + <!-- It contains an article --> + <article> + <h2>Article heading</h2> + + <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Donec a diam lectus. Set sit amet ipsum mauris. Maecenas congue ligula as quam viverra nec consectetur ant hendrerit. Donec et mollis dolor. Praesent et diam eget libero egestas mattis sit amet vitae augue. Nam tincidunt congue enim, ut porta lorem lacinia consectetur.</p> + + <h3>Subsection</h3> + + <p>Donec ut librero sed accu vehicula ultricies a non tortor. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Aenean ut gravida lorem. Ut turpis felis, pulvinar a semper sed, adipiscing id dolor.</p> + + <p>Pelientesque auctor nisi id magna consequat sagittis. Curabitur dapibus, enim sit amet elit pharetra tincidunt feugiat nist imperdiet. Ut convallis libero in urna ultrices accumsan. Donec sed odio eros.</p> + + <h3>Another subsection</h3> + + <p>Donec viverra mi quis quam pulvinar at malesuada arcu rhoncus. Cum soclis natoque penatibus et manis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. In rutrum accumsan ultricies. Mauris vitae nisi at sem facilisis semper ac in est.</p> + + <p>Vivamus fermentum semper porta. Nunc diam velit, adipscing ut tristique vitae sagittis vel odio. Maecenas convallis ullamcorper ultricied. Curabitur ornare, ligula semper consectetur sagittis, nisi diam iaculis velit, is fringille sem nunc vet mi.</p> + </article> + + <!-- the aside content can also be nested within the main content --> + <aside> + <h2>Related</h2> + + <ul> + <li><a href="#">Oh I do like to be beside the seaside</a></li> + <li><a href="#">Oh I do like to be beside the sea</a></li> + <li><a href="#">Although in the North of England</a></li> + <li><a href="#">It never stops raining</a></li> + <li><a href="#">Oh well...</a></li> + </ul> + </aside> + + </main> + + <!-- And here is our main footer that is used across all the pages of our website --> + + <footer> + <p>©Copyright 2050 by nobody. All rights reversed.</p> + </footer> + + </body> +</html></pre> + +<p>Luangkan waktu untuk melihat kode dan memahaminya - komentar di dalam kode juga akan membantu Anda untuk memahaminya. Kami tidak meminta Anda untuk melakukan banyak hal lain dalam artikel ini, karena kunci untuk memahami tata letak dokumen adalah menulis struktur HTML yang baik, dan kemudian meletakkannya dengan CSS. Kami akan menunggu ini sampai Anda mulai mempelajari tata letak CSS sebagai bagian dari topik CSS.</p> + +<h2 id="HTML_layout_elements_in_more_detail">HTML layout elements in more detail</h2> + +<p>It's good to understand the overall meaning of all the HTML sectioning elements in detail — this is something you'll work on gradually as you start to get more experience with web development. You can find a lot of detail by reading our <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element">HTML element reference</a>. For now, these are the main definitions that you should try to understand:</p> + +<ul> + <li>{{HTMLElement('main')}} is for content <em>unique to this page. </em>Use <code><main></code> only <em>once </em>per page, and put it directly inside {{HTMLElement('body')}}. Ideally this shouldn't be nested within other elements.</li> + <li>{{HTMLElement('article')}} encloses a block of related content that makes sense on its own without the rest of the page (e.g., a single blog post).</li> + <li>{{HTMLElement('section')}} is similar to <code><article></code>, but it is more for grouping together a single part of the page that constitutes one single piece of functionality (e.g., a mini map, or a set of article headlines and summaries). It's considered best practice to begin each section with a <a href="/en-US/Learn/HTML/Howto/Set_up_a_proper_title_hierarchy">heading</a>; also note that you can break <code><article></code>s up into different <code><section></code>s, or <code><section></code>s up into different <code><article></code>s, depending on the context.</li> + <li>{{HTMLElement('aside')}} contains content that is not directly related to the main content but can provide additional information indirectly related to it (glossary entries, author biography, related links, etc.).</li> + <li>{{HTMLElement('header')}} represents a group of introductory content. If it is a child of {{HTMLElement('body')}} it defines the global header of a webpage, but if it's a child of an {{HTMLElement('article')}} or {{HTMLElement('section')}} it defines a specific header for that section (try not to confuse this with <a href="/en-US/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML#Adding_a_title">titles and headings</a>).</li> + <li>{{HTMLElement('nav')}} contains the main navigation functionality for the page. Secondary links, etc., would not go in the navigation.</li> + <li>{{HTMLElement('footer')}} represents a group of end content for a page.</li> +</ul> + +<h3 id="Non-semantic_wrappers">Non-semantic wrappers</h3> + +<p>Sometimes you'll come across a situation where you can't find an ideal semantic element to group some items together or wrap some content. Sometimes you might want to just group a set of elements together to affect them all as a single entity with some {{glossary("CSS")}} or {{glossary("JavaScript")}}. For cases like these, HTML provides the {{HTMLElement("div")}} and {{HTMLElement("span")}} elements. You should use these preferably with a suitable {{htmlattrxref('class')}} attribute, to provide some kind of label for them so they can be easily targeted.</p> + +<p>{{HTMLElement("span")}} is an inline non-semantic element, which you should only use if you can't think of a better semantic text element to wrap your content, or don't want to add any specific meaning. For example:</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><p>The King walked drunkenly back to his room at 01:00, the beer doing nothing to aid +him as he staggered through the door <span class="editor-note">[Editor's note: At this point in the +play, the lights should be down low]</span>.</p></pre> + +<p>Dalam hal ini, catatan editor seharusnya hanya memberikan arahan ekstra untuk sutradara drama; tidak seharusnya memiliki makna semantik tambahan. Untuk pengguna yang terlihat, CSS mungkin akan digunakan untuk menjauhkan catatan sedikit dari teks utama.</p> + +<p>{{HTMLElement("div")}} is a block level non-semantic element, which you should only use if you can't think of a better semantic block element to use, or don't want to add any specific meaning. For example, imagine a shopping cart widget that you could choose to pull up at any point during your time on an e-commerce site:</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><div class="shopping-cart"> + <h2>Shopping cart</h2> + <ul> + <li> + <p><a href=""><strong>Silver earrings</strong></a>: $99.95.</p> + <img src="../products/3333-0985/thumb.png" alt="Silver earrings"> + </li> + <li> + ... + </li> + </ul> + <p>Total cost: $237.89</p> +</div></pre> + +<p>This isn't really an <code><aside></code>, as it doesn't necessarily relate to the main content of the page (you want it viewable from anywhere). It doesn't even particularly warrant using a <code><section></code>, as it isn't part of the main content of the page. So a <code><div></code> is fine in this case. We've included a heading as a signpost to aid screenreader users in finding it.</p> + +<div class="warning"> +<p><strong>Warning</strong>: Div sangat nyaman digunakan sehingga mudah digunakan terlalu banyak. Karena mereka tidak memiliki nilai semantik, mereka hanya mengacaukan kode HTML Anda. Berhati-hatilah untuk menggunakannya hanya ketika tidak ada solusi semantik yang lebih baik dan cobalah untuk mengurangi penggunaannya seminimal mungkin jika tidak, Anda akan kesulitan memperbarui dan memelihara dokumen Anda.</p> +</div> + +<h3 id="Line_breaks_and_horizontal_rules">Line breaks and horizontal rules</h3> + +<p>Two elements that you'll use occasionally and will want to know about are {{htmlelement("br")}} and {{htmlelement("hr")}}:</p> + +<p><code><br></code> creates a line break in a paragraph; it is the only way to force a rigid structure in a situation where you want a series of fixed short lines, such as in a postal address or a poem. For example:</p> + +<div id="line-break-live-sample"> +<pre class="brush: html"><p>There once was a man named O'Dell<br> +Who loved to write HTML<br> +But his structure was bad, his semantics were sad<br> +and his markup didn't read very well.</p></pre> +</div> + +<p>Without the <code><br></code> elements, the paragraph would just be rendered in one long line (as we said earlier in the course, <a href="/en-US/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started#Whitespace_in_HTML">HTML ignores most whitespace</a>); with <code><br></code> elements in the code, the markup renders like this:</p> + +<p>{{EmbedLiveSample('line-break-live-sample', '100%', '125px', '', '', 'hide-codepen-jsfiddle')}}</p> + +<p><code><hr></code> elements create a horizontal rule in the document that denotes a thematic change in the text (such as a change in topic or scene). Visually it just looks like a horizontal line. As an example:</p> + +<div id="horizantal-rule-live-sample"> +<pre class="brush: html"><p>Ron was backed into a corner by the marauding netherbeasts. Scared, but determined to protect his friends, he raised his wand and prepared to do battle, hoping that his distress call had made it through.</p> +<hr> +<p>Meanwhile, Harry was sitting at home, staring at his royalty statement and pondering when the next spin off series would come out, when an enchanted distress letter flew through his window and landed in his lap. He read it hazily and sighed; "better get back to work then", he mused.</p></pre> +</div> + +<p>Would render like this:</p> + +<p>{{EmbedLiveSample('horizantal-rule-live-sample', '100%', '185px', '', '', 'hide-codepen-jsfiddle')}}</p> + +<h2 id="Planning_a_simple_website">Planning a simple website</h2> + +<p>Setelah Anda merencanakan struktur laman web sederhana, langkah logis berikutnya adalah mencoba mencari tahu konten apa yang ingin Anda tempatkan di seluruh situs web, halaman apa yang Anda butuhkan, dan bagaimana mereka harus diatur dan terhubung satu sama lain untuk pengalaman pengguna terbaik. This is called {{glossary("Information architecture")}}. Dalam situs web besar dan kompleks, banyak perencanaan yang dapat dilakukan dalam proses ini, tetapi untuk situs web sederhana dari beberapa halaman, ini bisa sangat sederhana, dan menyenangkan!</p> + +<ol> + <li>Ingatlah bahwa Anda akan memiliki beberapa elemen yang umum untuk sebagian besar (jika tidak semua) halaman - seperti menu navigasi, dan konten footer. Jika situs Anda untuk bisnis, misalnya, sebaiknya informasi kontak Anda tersedia di catatan kaki di setiap halaman. Catat kesamaan yang ingin Anda miliki untuk setiap halaman.<img alt="the common features of the travel site to go on every page: title and logo, contact, copyright, terms and conditions, language chooser, accessibility policy" src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12423/common-features.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: block; height: 375px; margin: 0px auto; width: 600px;"></li> + <li>Selanjutnya, buatlah sketsa kasar tentang bagaimana Anda ingin struktur setiap halaman terlihat (mungkin terlihat seperti situs web sederhana kami di atas). Catat apa yang akan menjadi setiap blok.<img alt="A simple diagram of a sample site structure, with a header, main content area, two optional sidebars, and footer" src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12429/site-structure.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: block; height: 232px; margin: 0px auto; width: 600px;"></li> + <li>Sekarang, tukar pikiran semua konten lain (tidak umum untuk setiap halaman) yang ingin Anda miliki di situs web Anda - tulis daftar besar.<img alt="A long list of all the features that we could put on our travel site, from searching, to special offers and country-specific info" src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12425/feature-list.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: block; height: 1066px; margin: 0px auto; width: 600px;"></li> + <li>Selanjutnya, cobalah untuk mengurutkan semua item konten ini menjadi grup, untuk memberi Anda gambaran tentang bagian apa yang bisa hidup bersama di halaman yang berbeda. Ini sangat mirip dengan teknik yang disebut {{glossary("Card sorting")}}.<img alt="The items that should appear on a holiday site sorted into 5 categories: Search, Specials, Country-specific info, Search results, and Buy things" src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12421/card-sorting.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: block; height: 579px; margin: 0px auto; width: 600px;"></li> + <li>Sekarang cobalah untuk membuat sketsa peta situs kasar - miliki gelembung untuk setiap halaman di situs Anda, dan gambarlah garis untuk menunjukkan alur kerja khas antar halaman. Beranda mungkin ada di tengah, dan tautan ke sebagian besar jika tidak semua yang lain; sebagian besar halaman di situs kecil harus tersedia dari navigasi utama, meskipun ada pengecualian. Anda mungkin juga ingin memasukkan catatan tentang bagaimana hal-hal disajikan.<img alt="A map of the site showing the homepage, country page, search results, specials page, checkout, and buy page" src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12427/site-map.png" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; display: block; height: 872px; margin: 0px auto; width: 600px;"></li> +</ol> + +<h3 id="Active_learning_create_your_own_sitemap">Active learning: create your own sitemap</h3> + +<p>Coba lakukan latihan di atas untuk situs web ciptaan Anda sendiri. Anda ingin membuat situs tentang apa?</p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>Note</strong>: Simpan pekerjaan Anda di suatu tempat; Anda mungkin membutuhkannya nanti.</p> +</div> + +<h2 id="Test_your_skills!">Test your skills!</h2> + +<p>Anda telah mencapai akhir artikel ini, tetapi dapatkah Anda mengingat informasi yang paling penting? Anda dapat menemukan penilaian terperinci yang menguji keterampilan ini di akhir modul; see <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Structuring a page of content</a>. Kami menyarankan untuk membaca artikel berikutnya dalam seri ini terlebih dahulu dan tidak hanya melewatkannya saja!</p> + +<h2 id="Ringkasan">Ringkasan</h2> + +<p>Pada titik ini, Anda harus memiliki ide yang lebih baik tentang bagaimana membuat struktur halaman web / situs. Pada artikel terakhir modul ini, kita akan mempelajari cara men-debug HTML.</p> + +<h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> + +<ul> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/HTML/Using_HTML_sections_and_outlines">Using HTML sections and outlines</a>: Advanced guide to HTML5 semantic elements and the HTML5 outline algorithm.</li> +</ul> + +<p>{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}</p> + +<h2 id="In_this_module">In this module</h2> + +<ul> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started">Getting started with HTML</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML">What’s in the head? Metadata in HTML</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">HTML text fundamentals</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Creating hyperlinks</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">Advanced text formatting</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Document and website structure</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">Debugging HTML</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">Marking up a letter</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Structuring a page of content</a></li> +</ul> diff --git a/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/html_text_fundamentals/index.html b/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/html_text_fundamentals/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bbee58cc80 --- /dev/null +++ b/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/html_text_fundamentals/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,1047 @@ +--- +title: Teks mendasar HTML +slug: Learn/HTML/Pengenalan_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals +translation_of: Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals +--- +<div>{{LearnSidebar}}</div> + +<div>{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}</div> + +<p class="summary">Salah satu tugas utama HTML adalah memberikan struktur dan makna teks (dikenal juga sebagai {{glossary("semantics")}}) dengan begitu peramban dapat menampilkannya dengan benar. Artikel ini menjelaskan cara {{glossary("HTML")}} digunakan untuk membuat struktur halaman teks dengan menambahkan judul dan paragraf, menekankan kata-kata, membuat daftar, dan lainnya.</p> + +<table class="learn-box standard-table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="row">Prasyarat:</th> + <td>Familiar dengan dasar-dasar HTML, dicakup dalam <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started">Getting started with HTML</a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row">Hal yang dipelajari:</th> + <td>Mempelajari cara menandai halaman dasar teks untuk memberikan struktur dan tujuan — termasuk paragraf, judul, daftar, penekanan, dan kutipan.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="Dasar-dasarnya_Judul_dan_paragaf">Dasar-dasarnya: Judul dan paragaf</h2> + +<p>Sebaguan besar struktur teks terdiri dari judul dan paragraf, st structured text consists of headings and paragraphs, ntah Anda membaca sebuah kisah, koran, buku pelajaran, majalah, dsb.</p> + +<p><img alt="An example of a newspaper front cover, showing use of a top level heading, subheadings and paragraphs." src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12371/newspaper_small.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto;" title="An example of a newspaper front cover, showing use of a top level heading, subheadings and paragraphs."></p> + +<p>Konten yang terstruktur membuat pengalaman membaca lebih mudah dan lebih menyenangkan.</p> + +<p>Dalam HTML, setiap paragraf dirangkap element {{htmlelement("p")}}, seperti berikut.</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><p>I am a paragraph, oh yes I am.</p></pre> + +<p>Setiap judul juga dirangkap dalam sebuah element "heading":</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><h1>I am the title of the story.</h1></pre> + +<p>Terdaoat beberapa element heading (judul) — {{htmlelement("h1")}}, {{htmlelement("h2")}}, {{htmlelement("h3")}}, {{htmlelement("h4")}}, {{htmlelement("h5")}}, dan {{htmlelement("h6")}}. Setiap element mewakili level konten yang berbeda dalam dokumennnya; <code><h1></code> mewakili judul utama, <code><h2></code> mewakili sub judul, <code><h3></code> mewakili sub-sub judul, dan seterusnya.</p> + +<h3 id="Menerapkan_susunan_struktural">Menerapkan susunan struktural</h3> + +<p>Untuk contohnya, dalam sebuah kisah, <code><h1></code> mewakili judul kisahnya, <code><h2></code> mewakili judul setiap babnya dan <code><h3></code> mewakili sub-bagian setiap babnya, dan seterusnya.</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><h1>The Crushing Bore</h1> + +<p>By Chris Mills</p> + +<h2>Chapter 1: The dark night</h2> + +<p>It was a dark night. Somewhere, an owl hooted. The rain lashed down on the ...</p> + +<h2>Chapter 2: The eternal silence</h2> + +<p>Our protagonist could not so much as a whisper out of the shadowy figure ...</p> + +<h3>The specter speaks</h3> + +<p>Several more hours had passed, when all of a sudden the specter sat bolt upright and exclaimed, "Please have mercy on my soul!"</p></pre> + +<p>Sebenarnya terserah Anda element yang digunakan, selama susunannya masuk akal. Anda perlu mengingat beberapa prakter terbaik saat Anda membuat struktur seperti:</p> + +<ul> + <li>Lebih baik Anda hanya menggunakan <code><h1></code> sekali per halaman — ini adalah judul teratas, dan semua yang lain berada di bawah tingkat ini.</li> + <li>Pastikan Anda menggunakan headung dalam tingkatan urut yang benar. Jangan menggunakan <code><h3></code> untuk mewakili sub-judul subheadings, diikuti <code><h2></code> untuk mewakili sub-sub judul — ini tidak masuk akal dan akan membuat hasil yang aneh.</li> + <li>Dari enam level heading yang tersedia, Anda harus menargetkan tidak nenggunakn lebih dari tiga oer halaman, kecuali jika Anda merasa itu diperlukan. Documents with many levels (i.e., a deep heading hierarchy) become unwieldy and difficult to navigate. On such occasions, it is advisable to spread the content over multiple pages if possible.</li> +</ul> + +<h3 id="Why_do_we_need_structure">Why do we need structure?</h3> + +<p>To answer this question, let's take a look at <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/master/html/introduction-to-html/html-text-formatting/text-start.html">text-start.html</a> — the starting point of our running example for this article (a nice hummus recipe). You should save a copy of this file on your local machine, as you'll need it for the exercises later on. This document's body currently contains multiple pieces of content — they aren't marked up in any way, but they are separated with linebreaks (Enter/Return pressed to go onto the next line).</p> + +<p>However, when you open the document in your browser, you'll see that the text appears as a big chunk!</p> + +<p><img alt="A webpage that shows a wall of unformatted text, because there are no elements on the page to structure it." src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/14827/Screen%20Shot%202017-03-29%20at%2009.20.35.png" style="display: block; height: 377px; margin: 0px auto; width: 600px;" title="A webpage that shows a wall of unformatted text, because there are no elements on the page to structure it."></p> + +<p>This is because there are no elements to give the content structure, so the browser does not know what is a heading and what is a paragraph. Furthermore:</p> + +<ul> + <li>Users looking at a web page tend to scan quickly to find relevant content, often just reading the headings to begin with (we usually <a class="external external-icon" href="http://www.nngroup.com/articles/how-long-do-users-stay-on-web-pages/">spend a very short time on a web page</a>). If they can't see anything useful within a few seconds, they'll likely get frustrated and go somewhere else.</li> + <li>Search engines indexing your page consider the contents of headings as important keywords for influencing the page's search rankings. Without headings, your page will perform poorly in terms of {{glossary("SEO")}} (Search Engine Optimization).</li> + <li>Severely visually impaired people often don't read web pages; they listen to them instead. This is done with software called a <a class="external external-icon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_reader" title="screen readers">screen reader</a>. This software provides ways to get fast access to given text content. Among the various techniques used, they provide an outline of the document by reading out the headings, allowing their users to find the information they need quickly. If headings are not available, they will be forced to listen to the whole document read out loud.</li> + <li>To style content with {{glossary("CSS")}}, or make it do interesting things with {{glossary("JavaScript")}}, you need to have elements wrapping the relevant content, so CSS/JavaScript can effectively target it.</li> +</ul> + +<p>We therefore need to give our content structural markup.</p> + +<h3 id="Active_learning_Giving_our_content_structure">Active learning: Giving our content structure</h3> + +<p>Let's jump straight in with a live example. In the example below, add elements to the raw text in the <em>Input</em> field so that it appears as a heading and two paragraphs in the <em>Output</em> field.</p> + +<p>If you make a mistake, you can always reset it using the <em>Reset</em> button. If you get stuck, press the <em>Show solution</em> button to see the answer.</p> + +<div class="hidden"> +<h6 id="Playable_code">Playable code</h6> + + + +<pre class="brush: html"><h2>Live output</h2> + +<div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"> +</div> + +<h2>Editable code</h2> +<p class="a11y-label">Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).</p> + +<textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 100px; width: 95%">My short story I am a policewoman and my name is Trish. + +My legs are made of cardboard and I am married to a fish.</textarea> + +<div class="playable-buttons"> + <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"> + <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"> +</div></pre> + + + + + +<pre class="brush: css">html { + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +h2 { + font-size: 16px; +} + +.a11y-label { + margin: 0; + text-align: right; + font-size: 0.7rem; + width: 98%; +} + +body { + margin: 10px; + background: #f5f9fa; +}</pre> + + + + + + + + + +<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code'); +var reset = document.getElementById('reset'); +var solution = document.getElementById('solution'); +var output = document.querySelector('.output'); +var code = textarea.value; +var userEntry = textarea.value; + +function updateCode() { + output.innerHTML = textarea.value; +} + +reset.addEventListener('click', function() { + textarea.value = code; + userEntry = textarea.value; + solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + updateCode(); +}); + +solution.addEventListener('click', function() { + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + textarea.value = solutionEntry; + solution.value = 'Hide solution'; + } else { + textarea.value = userEntry; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + } + updateCode(); +}); + +var htmlSolution = '<h1>My short story</h1>\n<p>I am a policewoman and my name is Trish.</p>\n<p>My legs are made of cardboard and I am married to a fish.</p>'; +var solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + +textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode); +window.addEventListener('load', updateCode); + +// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and +// make it write a tab at the caret position instead + +textarea.onkeydown = function(e){ + if (e.keyCode === 9) { + e.preventDefault(); + insertAtCaret('\t'); + } + + if (e.keyCode === 27) { + textarea.blur(); + } +}; + +function insertAtCaret(text) { + var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop; + var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart; + + var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos); + var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length); + textarea.value = front + text + back; + caretPos = caretPos + text.length; + textarea.selectionStart = caretPos; + textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos; + textarea.focus(); + textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos; +} + +// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code + +textarea.onkeyup = function(){ + // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown, + // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + userEntry = textarea.value; + } else { + solutionEntry = textarea.value; + } + + updateCode(); +};</pre> + + +</div> + +<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code', 700, 400, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p> + +<h3 id="Why_do_we_need_semantics">Why do we need semantics?</h3> + +<p>Semantics are relied on everywhere around us — we rely on previous experience to tell us what the function of an everyday object is; when we see something, we know what its function will be. So, for example, we expect a red traffic light to mean "stop", and a green traffic light to mean "go". Things can get tricky very quickly if the wrong semantics are applied (Do any countries use red to mean "go"? I hope not.)</p> + +<p>In a similar vein, we need to make sure we are using the correct elements, giving our content the correct meaning, function, or appearance. In this context the {{htmlelement("h1")}} element is also a semantic element, which gives the text it wraps around the role (or meaning) of "a top level heading on your page."</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><h1>This is a top level heading</h1></pre> + +<p>By default, the browser will give it a large font size to make it look like a heading (although you could style it to look like anything you wanted using CSS). More importantly, its semantic value will be used in multiple ways, for example by search engines and screen readers (as mentioned above).</p> + +<p>On the other hand, you could make any element <em>look</em> like a top level heading. Consider the following:</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><span style="font-size: 32px; margin: 21px 0; display: block;">Is this a top level heading?</span></pre> + +<p>This is a {{htmlelement("span")}} element. It has no semantics. You use it to wrap content when you want to apply CSS to it (or do something to it with JavaScript) without giving it any extra meaning (you'll find out more about these later on in the course). We've applied some CSS to it to make it look like a top level heading, but since it has no semantic value, it will not get any of the extra benefits described above. It is a good idea to use the relevant HTML element for the job.</p> + +<h2 id="Lists">Lists</h2> + +<p>Now let's turn our attention to lists. Lists are everywhere in life — from your shopping list to the list of directions you subconsciously follow to get to your house every day, to the lists of instructions you are following in these tutorials! Lists are everywhere on the Web too, and we've got three different types to worry about.</p> + +<h3 id="Unordered">Unordered</h3> + +<p>Unordered lists are used to mark up lists of items for which the order of the items doesn't matter — let's take a shopping list as an example.</p> + +<pre>milk +eggs +bread +hummus</pre> + +<p>Every unordered list starts off with a {{htmlelement("ul")}} element — this wraps around all the list items:</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><ul> +milk +eggs +bread +hummus +</ul></pre> + +<p>The last step is to wrap each list item in a {{htmlelement("li")}} (list item) element:</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><ul> + <li>milk</li> + <li>eggs</li> + <li>bread</li> + <li>hummus</li> +</ul></pre> + +<h4 id="Active_learning_Marking_up_an_unordered_list">Active learning: Marking up an unordered list</h4> + +<p>Try editing the live sample below to create your very own HTML unordered list.</p> + +<div class="hidden"> +<h6 id="Playable_code_2">Playable code</h6> + + + +<pre class="brush: html"><h2>Live output</h2> + +<div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"> +</div> + +<h2>Editable code</h2> +<p class="a11y-label">Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).</p> + +<textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 100px; width: 95%">milk +eggs +bread +hummus</textarea> + +<div class="playable-buttons"> + <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"> + <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"> +</div></pre> + + + + + + + +<pre class="brush: css">html { + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +h2 { + font-size: 16px; +} + +.a11y-label { + margin: 0; + text-align: right; + font-size: 0.7rem; + width: 98%; +} + +body { + margin: 10px; + background: #f5f9fa; +}</pre> + + + + + + + + + +<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code'); +var reset = document.getElementById('reset'); +var solution = document.getElementById('solution'); +var output = document.querySelector('.output'); +var code = textarea.value; +var userEntry = textarea.value; + +function updateCode() { + output.innerHTML = textarea.value; +} + +reset.addEventListener('click', function() { + textarea.value = code; + userEntry = textarea.value; + solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + updateCode(); +}); + +solution.addEventListener('click', function() { + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + textarea.value = solutionEntry; + solution.value = 'Hide solution'; + } else { + textarea.value = userEntry; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + } + updateCode(); +}); + +var htmlSolution = '<ul>\n<li>milk</li>\n<li>eggs</li>\n<li>bread</li>\n<li>hummus</li>\n</ul>'; +var solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + +textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode); +window.addEventListener('load', updateCode); + +// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and +// make it write a tab at the caret position instead + +textarea.onkeydown = function(e){ + if (e.keyCode === 9) { + e.preventDefault(); + insertAtCaret('\t'); + } + + if (e.keyCode === 27) { + textarea.blur(); + } +}; + +function insertAtCaret(text) { + var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop; + var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart; + + var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos); + var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length); + textarea.value = front + text + back; + caretPos = caretPos + text.length; + textarea.selectionStart = caretPos; + textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos; + textarea.focus(); + textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos; +} + +// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code + +textarea.onkeyup = function(){ + // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown, + // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + userEntry = textarea.value; + } else { + solutionEntry = textarea.value; + } + + updateCode(); +};</pre> + + +</div> + +<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_2', 700, 400, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p> + +<h3 id="Ordered">Ordered</h3> + +<p>Ordered lists are lists in which the order of the items <em>does</em> matter — let's take a set of directions as an example:</p> + +<pre>Drive to the end of the road +Turn right +Go straight across the first two roundabouts +Turn left at the third roundabout +The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road</pre> + +<p>The markup structure is the same as for unordered lists, except that you have to wrap the list items in an {{htmlelement("ol")}} element, rather than <code><ul></code>:</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><ol> + <li>Drive to the end of the road</li> + <li>Turn right</li> + <li>Go straight across the first two roundabouts</li> + <li>Turn left at the third roundabout</li> + <li>The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road</li> +</ol></pre> + +<h4 id="Active_learning_Marking_up_an_ordered_list">Active learning: Marking up an ordered list</h4> + +<p>Try editing the live sample below to create your very own HTML ordered list.</p> + +<div class="hidden"> +<h6 id="Playable_code_3">Playable code</h6> + + + +<pre class="brush: html"><h2>Live output</h2> + +<div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"> +</div> + +<h2>Editable code</h2> +<p class="a11y-label">Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).</p> + +<textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 200px; width: 95%">Drive to the end of the road +Turn right +Go straight across the first two roundabouts +Turn left at the third roundabout +The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road</textarea> + +<div class="playable-buttons"> + <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"> + <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"> +</div></pre> + + + + + + + +<pre class="brush: css">html { + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +h2 { + font-size: 16px; +} + +.a11y-label { + margin: 0; + text-align: right; + font-size: 0.7rem; + width: 98%; +} + +body { + margin: 10px; + background: #f5f9fa; +}</pre> + + + + + + + +<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code'); +var reset = document.getElementById('reset'); +var solution = document.getElementById('solution'); +var output = document.querySelector('.output'); +var code = textarea.value; +var userEntry = textarea.value; + +function updateCode() { + output.innerHTML = textarea.value; +} + +reset.addEventListener('click', function() { + textarea.value = code; + userEntry = textarea.value; + solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + updateCode(); +}); + +solution.addEventListener('click', function() { + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + textarea.value = solutionEntry; + solution.value = 'Hide solution'; + } else { + textarea.value = userEntry; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + } + updateCode(); +}); + +var htmlSolution = '<ol>\n<li>Drive to the end of the road</li>\n<li>Turn right</li>\n<li>Go straight across the first two roundabouts</li>\n<li>Turn left at the third roundabout</li>\n<li>The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road</li>\n</ol>'; +var solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + +textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode); +window.addEventListener('load', updateCode); + +// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and +// make it write a tab at the caret position instead + +textarea.onkeydown = function(e){ + if (e.keyCode === 9) { + e.preventDefault(); + insertAtCaret('\t'); + } + + if (e.keyCode === 27) { + textarea.blur(); + } +}; + +function insertAtCaret(text) { + var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop; + var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart; + + var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos); + var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length); + textarea.value = front + text + back; + caretPos = caretPos + text.length; + textarea.selectionStart = caretPos; + textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos; + textarea.focus(); + textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos; +} + +// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code + +textarea.onkeyup = function(){ + // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown, + // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + userEntry = textarea.value; + } else { + solutionEntry = textarea.value; + } + + updateCode(); +};</pre> + + +</div> + +<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_3', 700, 500, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p> + +<h3 id="Active_learning_Marking_up_our_recipe_page">Active learning: Marking up our recipe page</h3> + +<p>So at this point in the article, you have all the information you need to mark up our recipe page example. You can choose to either save a local copy of our <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/master/html/introduction-to-html/html-text-formatting/text-start.html">text-start.html</a> starting file and do the work there, or do it in the editable example below. Doing it locally will probably be better, as then you'll get to save the work you are doing, whereas if you fill it in to the editable example, it will be lost the next time you open the page. Both have pros and cons.</p> + +<div class="hidden"> +<h6 id="Playable_code_4">Playable code</h6> + + + + + +<pre class="brush: html"><h2>Live output</h2> + +<div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"> +</div> + +<h2>Editable code</h2> +<p class="a11y-label">Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).</p> + +<textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 200px; width: 95%">Quick hummus recipe + + This recipe makes quick, tasty hummus, with no messing. It has been adapted from a number of different recipes that I have read over the years. + + Hummus is a delicious thick paste used heavily in Greek and Middle Eastern dishes. It is very tasty with salad, grilled meats and pitta breads. + + Ingredients + + 1 can (400g) of chick peas (garbanzo beans) + 175g of tahini + 6 sundried tomatoes + Half a red pepper + A pinch of cayenne pepper + 1 clove of garlic + A dash of olive oil + + Instructions + + Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely + Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely + Add all the ingredients into a food processor + Process all the ingredients into a paste + If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time + If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time + + For a different flavour, you could try blending in a small measure of lemon and coriander, chili pepper, lime and chipotle, harissa and mint, or spinach and feta cheese. Experiment and see what works for you. + + Storage + + Refrigerate the finished hummus in a sealed container. You should be able to use it for about a week after you've made it. If it starts to become fizzy, you should definitely discard it. + + Hummus is suitable for freezing; you should thaw it and use it within a couple of months.</textarea> + +<div class="playable-buttons"> + <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"> + <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"> +</div></pre> + + + + + + + + + +<pre class="brush: css">html { + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +h2 { + font-size: 16px; +} + +.a11y-label { + margin: 0; + text-align: right; + font-size: 0.7rem; + width: 98%; +} + +body { + margin: 10px; + background: #f5f9fa; +}</pre> + + + + + + + + + +<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code'); +var reset = document.getElementById('reset'); +var solution = document.getElementById('solution'); +var output = document.querySelector('.output'); +var code = textarea.value; +var userEntry = textarea.value; + +function updateCode() { + output.innerHTML = textarea.value; +} + +reset.addEventListener('click', function() { + textarea.value = code; + userEntry = textarea.value; + solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + updateCode(); +}); + +solution.addEventListener('click', function() { + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + textarea.value = solutionEntry; + solution.value = 'Hide solution'; + } else { + textarea.value = userEntry; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + } + updateCode(); +}); + +var htmlSolution = '<h1>Quick hummus recipe</h1>\n\n<p>This recipe makes quick, tasty hummus, with no messing. It has been adapted from a number of different recipes that I have read over the years.</p>\n\n<p>Hummus is a delicious thick paste used heavily in Greek and Middle Eastern dishes. It is very tasty with salad, grilled meats and pitta breads.</p>\n\n<h2>Ingredients</h2>\n\n<ul>\n<li>1 can (400g) of chick peas (garbanzo beans)</li>\n<li>175g of tahini</li>\n<li>6 sundried tomatoes</li>\n<li>Half a red pepper</li>\n<li>A pinch of cayenne pepper</li>\n<li>1 clove of garlic</li>\n<li>A dash of olive oil</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h2>Instructions</h2>\n\n<ol>\n<li>Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely.</li>\n<li>Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely.</li>\n<li>Add all the ingredients into a food processor.</li>\n<li>Process all the ingredients into a paste.</li>\n<li>If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time.</li>\n<li>If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time.</li>\n</ol>\n\n<p>For a different flavour, you could try blending in a small measure of lemon and coriander, chili pepper, lime and chipotle, harissa and mint, or spinach and feta cheese. Experiment and see what works for you.</p>\n\n<h2>Storage</h2>\n\n<p>Refrigerate the finished hummus in a sealed container. You should be able to use it for about a week after you\'ve made it. If it starts to become fizzy, you should definitely discard it.</p>\n\n<p>Hummus is suitable for freezing; you should thaw it and use it within a couple of months.</p>'; +var solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + +textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode); +window.addEventListener('load', updateCode); + +// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and +// make it write a tab at the caret position instead + +textarea.onkeydown = function(e){ + if (e.keyCode === 9) { + e.preventDefault(); + insertAtCaret('\t'); + } + + if (e.keyCode === 27) { + textarea.blur(); + } +}; + +function insertAtCaret(text) { + var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop; + var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart; + + var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos); + var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length); + textarea.value = front + text + back; + caretPos = caretPos + text.length; + textarea.selectionStart = caretPos; + textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos; + textarea.focus(); + textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos; +} + +// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code + +textarea.onkeyup = function(){ + // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown, + // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + userEntry = textarea.value; + } else { + solutionEntry = textarea.value; + } + + updateCode(); +};</pre> + + +</div> + +<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_4', 900, 500, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p> + +<p>If you get stuck, you can always press the <em>Show solution</em> button, or check out our <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/master/html/introduction-to-html/html-text-formatting/text-complete.html">text-complete.html</a> example on our github repo.</p> + +<h3 id="Nesting_lists">Nesting lists</h3> + +<p>It is perfectly ok to nest one list inside another one. You might want to have some sub-bullets sitting below a top level bullet. Let's take the second list from our recipe example:</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><ol> + <li>Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely.</li> + <li>Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely.</li> + <li>Add all the ingredients into a food processor.</li> + <li>Process all the ingredients into a paste.</li> + <li>If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time.</li> + <li>If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time.</li> +</ol></pre> + +<p>Since the last two bullets are very closely related to the one before them (they read like sub-instructions or choices that fit below that bullet), it might make sense to nest them inside their own unordered list, and put that list inside the current fourth bullet. This would look like so:</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><ol> + <li>Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely.</li> + <li>Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely.</li> + <li>Add all the ingredients into a food processor.</li> + <li>Process all the ingredients into a paste. + <ul> + <li>If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time.</li> + <li>If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time.</li> + </ul> + </li> +</ol></pre> + +<p>Try going back to the previous active learning example and updating the second list like this.</p> + +<h2 id="Emphasis_and_importance">Emphasis and importance</h2> + +<p>In human language, we often emphasise certain words to alter the meaning of a sentence, and we often want to mark certain words as important or different in some way. HTML provides various semantic elements to allow us to mark up textual content with such effects, and in this section, we'll look at a few of the most common ones.</p> + +<h3 id="Emphasis">Emphasis</h3> + +<p>When we want to add emphasis in spoken language, we <em>stress</em> certain words, subtly altering the meaning of what we are saying. Similarly, in written language we tend to stress words by putting them in italics. For example, the following two sentences have different meanings.</p> + +<p>I am glad you weren't late.</p> + +<p>I am <em>glad</em> you weren't <em>late</em>.</p> + +<p>The first sentence sounds genuinely relieved that the person wasn't late. In contrast, the second one sounds sarcastic or passive-aggressive, expressing annoyance that the person arrived a bit late.</p> + +<p>In HTML we use the {{htmlelement("em")}} (emphasis) element to mark up such instances. As well as making the document more interesting to read, these are recognised by screen readers and spoken out in a different tone of voice. Browsers style this as italic by default, but you shouldn't use this tag purely to get italic styling. To do that, you'd use a {{htmlelement("span")}} element and some CSS, or perhaps an {{htmlelement("i")}} element (see below).</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><p>I am <em>glad</em> you weren't <em>late</em>.</p></pre> + +<h3 id="Strong_importance">Strong importance</h3> + +<p>To emphasize important words, we tend to stress them in spoken language and <strong>bold</strong> them in written language. For example:</p> + +<p>This liquid is <strong>highly toxic</strong>.</p> + +<p>I am counting on you. <strong>Do not</strong> be late!</p> + +<p>In HTML we use the {{htmlelement("strong")}} (strong importance) element to mark up such instances. As well as making the document more useful, again these are recognized by screen readers and spoken in a different tone of voice. Browsers style this as bold text by default, but you shouldn't use this tag purely to get bold styling. To do that, you'd use a {{htmlelement("span")}} element and some CSS, or perhaps a {{htmlelement("b")}} element (see below).</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><p>This liquid is <strong>highly toxic</strong>.</p> + +<p>I am counting on you. <strong>Do not</strong> be late!</p></pre> + +<p>You can nest strong and emphasis inside one another if desired:</p> + +<pre class="brush: html"><p>This liquid is <strong>highly toxic</strong> — +if you drink it, <strong>you may <em>die</em></strong>.</p></pre> + +<h3 id="Active_learning_Lets_be_important!">Active learning: Let's be important!</h3> + +<p>In this active learning section, we have provided an editable example. Inside it, we'd like you to try adding emphasis and strong importance to the words you think need them, just to have some practice.</p> + +<div class="hidden"> +<h6 id="Playable_code_5">Playable code</h6> + + + + + +<pre class="brush: html"><h2>Live output</h2> + +<div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"> +</div> + +<h2>Editable code</h2> +<p class="a11y-label">Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).</p> + +<textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 200px; width: 95%"><h1>Important notice</h1> +<p>On Sunday January 9th 2010, a gang of goths were + spotted stealing several garden gnomes from a + shopping center in downtown Milwaukee. They were + all wearing green jumpsuits and silly hats, and + seemed to be having a whale of a time. If anyone + has any information about this incident, please + contact the police now.</p></textarea> + +<div class="playable-buttons"> + <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"> + <input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"> +</div></pre> + + + + + + + +<pre class="brush: css">html { + font-family: sans-serif; +} + +h2 { + font-size: 16px; +} + +.a11y-label { + margin: 0; + text-align: right; + font-size: 0.7rem; + width: 98%; +} + +body { + margin: 10px; + background: #f5f9fa; +}</pre> + + + + + + + + + +<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code'); +var reset = document.getElementById('reset'); +var solution = document.getElementById('solution'); +var output = document.querySelector('.output'); +var code = textarea.value; +var userEntry = textarea.value; + +function updateCode() { + output.innerHTML = textarea.value; +} + +reset.addEventListener('click', function() { + textarea.value = code; + userEntry = textarea.value; + solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + updateCode(); +}); + +solution.addEventListener('click', function() { + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + textarea.value = solutionEntry; + solution.value = 'Hide solution'; + } else { + textarea.value = userEntry; + solution.value = 'Show solution'; + } + updateCode(); +}); + +var htmlSolution = '<h1>Important notice</h1>\n<p>On <strong>Sunday January 9th 2010</strong>, a gang of <em>goths</em> were spotted stealing <strong><em>several</em> garden gnomes</strong> from a shopping center in downtown <strong>Milwaukee</strong>. They were all wearing <em>green jumpsuits</em> and <em>silly hats</em>, and seemed to be having a whale of a time. If anyone has <strong>any</strong> information about this incident, please contact the police <strong>now</strong>.</p>'; +var solutionEntry = htmlSolution; + +textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode); +window.addEventListener('load', updateCode); + +// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and +// make it write a tab at the caret position instead + +textarea.onkeydown = function(e){ + if (e.keyCode === 9) { + e.preventDefault(); + insertAtCaret('\t'); + } + + if (e.keyCode === 27) { + textarea.blur(); + } +}; + +function insertAtCaret(text) { + var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop; + var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart; + + var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos); + var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length); + textarea.value = front + text + back; + caretPos = caretPos + text.length; + textarea.selectionStart = caretPos; + textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos; + textarea.focus(); + textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos; +} + +// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code + +textarea.onkeyup = function(){ + // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown, + // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code + if(solution.value === 'Show solution') { + userEntry = textarea.value; + } else { + solutionEntry = textarea.value; + } + + updateCode(); +};</pre> + + +</div> + +<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_5', 700, 500, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p> + +<h3 id="Italic_bold_underline...">Italic, bold, underline...</h3> + +<p>The elements we've discussed so far have clearcut associated semantics. The situation with {{htmlelement("b")}}, {{htmlelement("i")}}, and {{htmlelement("u")}} is somewhat more complicated. They came about so people could write bold, italics, or underlined text in an era when CSS was still supported poorly or not at all. Elements like this, which only affect presentation and not semantics, are known as <strong>presentational elements</strong> and should no longer be used, because as we've seen before, semantics is so important to accessibility, SEO, etc.</p> + +<p>HTML5 redefined <code><b></code>, <code><i></code> and <code><u></code> with new, somewhat confusing, semantic roles.</p> + +<p>Here's the best rule of thumb: it's likely appropriate to use <code><b></code>, <code><i></code>, or <code><u></code> to convey a meaning traditionally conveyed with bold, italics, or underline, provided there is no more suitable element. However, it always remains critical to keep an accessibility mindset. The concept of italics isn't very helpful to people using screen readers, or to people using a writing system other than the Latin alphabet.</p> + +<ul> + <li>{{HTMLElement('i')}} is used to convey a meaning traditionally conveyed by italic: Foreign words, taxonomic designation, technical terms, a thought...</li> + <li>{{HTMLElement('b')}} is used to convey a meaning traditionally conveyed by bold: Key words, product names, lead sentence...</li> + <li>{{HTMLElement('u')}} is used to convey a meaning traditionally conveyed by underline: Proper name, misspelling...</li> +</ul> + +<div class="note"> +<p>A kind warning about underline: <strong>People strongly associate underlining with hyperlinks.</strong> Therefore, on the Web, it's best to underline only links. Use the <code><u></code> element when it's semantically appropriate, but consider using CSS to change the default underline to something more appropriate on the Web. The example below illustrates how it can be done.</p> +</div> + +<pre class="brush: html"><!-- scientific names --> +<p> + The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (<i>Archilochus colubris</i>) + is the most common hummingbird in Eastern North America. +</p> + +<!-- foreign words --> +<p> + The menu was a sea of exotic words like <i lang="uk-latn">vatrushka</i>, + <i lang="id">nasi goreng</i> and <i lang="fr">soupe à l'oignon</i>. +</p> + +<!-- a known misspelling --> +<p> + Someday I'll learn how to <u style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;">spel</u> better. +</p> + +<!-- Highlight keywords in a set of instructions --> +<ol> + <li> + <b>Slice</b> two pieces of bread off the loaf. + </li> + <li> + <b>Insert</b> a tomato slice and a leaf of + lettuce between the slices of bread. + </li> +</ol></pre> + +<h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2> + +<p>That's it for now! This article should have given you a good idea of how to start marking up text in HTML, and introduced you to some of the most important elements in this area. There are a lot more semantic elements to cover in this area, and we'll look at a lot more in our 'More Semantic Elements' article, later on in the course. In the next article, we'll be looking in detail at how to <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">create hyperlinks</a>, possibly the most important element on the Web.</p> + +<p>{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}</p> + + + +<h2 id="In_this_module">In this module</h2> + +<ul> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started">Getting started with HTML</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML">What’s in the head? Metadata in HTML</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">HTML text fundamentals</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Creating hyperlinks</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">Advanced text formatting</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Document and website structure</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">Debugging HTML</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">Marking up a letter</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Structuring a page of content</a></li> +</ul> diff --git a/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/index.html b/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..367ef45712 --- /dev/null +++ b/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +--- +title: Pengenalan HTML +slug: Learn/HTML/Pengenalan_HTML +tags: + - CodingScripting + - HTML + - Link + - Pengenalan HTML + - Struktur + - Teks + - head + - semantic +translation_of: Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML +--- +<div>{{LearnSidebar}}</div> + +<p class="summary">Pada intinya, {{glossary("HTML")}} adalah bahasa yang cukup sederhana yang tersusun dari <a href="/en-US/docs/Glossary/Element">elemen</a>, yang bisa diaplikasikan pada teks untuk menambah perbedaan maksud dalam dokumen (Apakah paragraf? Apakah daftar dengan butir? Apakah bagian dari sebuah tabel?), membentuk struktur dokumen menjadi satu bagian logikal (Apakah memiliki <em>header</em>? Apakah berbentuk tiga kolom? Apakah sebuah menu navigasi?), dan menempatkan konten seperti gambar dan video pada satu halaman. Modul ini akan memperkenalkan dua hal dulu, dan memperkenalkan konsep fundamental dan sintaks yang harus kamu ketahui untuk memahami HTML.</p> + +<h2 id="Prasyarat">Prasyarat</h2> + +<p>Sebelum memulai modul ini, kamu tidak harus memiliki pengetahuan mengenai HTML, tapi kamu setidaknya harus sudah terbiasa menggunakan komputer dan menggunakan web secara pasif (misalnya, hanya membuka-buka dan menikmati kontennya). Kamu harus memiliki perlengkapan dasar (seperti dijelaskan dalam <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/id/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Installing_basic_software">Menginstal perangkat lunak dasar</a>), dan memahami cara membuat dan mengelola <em>file </em>(seperti dijelaskan dalam <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/id/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web/Mengelola_file">Berurusan dengan file</a>). Keduanya adalah bagian dari modul untuk pemula yang berjudul <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/id/docs/Learn/Getting_started_with_the_web">Mengenal apa itu web</a>.</p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>Catatan</strong>: Jika kamu menggunakan komputer/tablet/alat lain yang tidak bisa membuat <em>file</em> sendiri, kamu bisa mencoba (banyak) contoh kode di aplikasi pemrograman daring seperti <a href="http://jsbin.com/">JSBin</a> atau <a href="https://thimble.mozilla.org/">Thimble</a>.</p> +</div> + +<h2 id="Panduan">Panduan</h2> + +<p>Modul ini berisi artikel-artikel berikut, yang akan mengajarkan kamu mengenai semua teori dasar HTML dan memberimu kesempatan untuk menguji beberapa keterampilan.</p> + +<dl> + <dt><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started">Mulai bekerja dengan HTML</a></dt> + <dd>Mengkover dasar-dasar HTML, untuk memulai — kita mendefinisikan elemen, atribut, dan istilah penting lainnya, dan menunjukkan di mana posisi mereka dalam HTML. Kita juga tunjukkan bagaimana tipikal halaman HTML terstruktur dan bagaimana elemen HTML tersetruktur, dan menjelaskan fitur dasar penting lainnya. Selain itu, kita akan bermain dengan beberapa HTML supaya kamu tertarik!</dd> + <dt><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML">Apa yang ada di head? Metadata dalam HTML</a></dt> + <dd><a href="/en-US/docs/Glossary/Head">Head</a> dokumen HTML merupakan bagian yang tidak tampil dalam peramban web ketika halaman dimuat. Dia mengandung informasi seperti halaman {{htmlelement("title")}}, link ke {{glossary("CSS")}} (jika kamu ingin memberi gaya konten HTML mu dengan CSS), link ke kustom favicons, dan metadata (data tentang HTML, misalnya siapa yang menulis, dan kata kunci penting yang menjelaskan dokumen tersebut).</dd> + <dt><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">Fundamental teks HTML</a></dt> + <dd>Salah satu dari tugas utama HTML ialah memberi teks arti (juga disebut <a href="/en-US/docs/Glossary/Semantics">semantic</a>), sehingga peramban tahu cara yang benar untuk menampilkannya. Artikel ini melihat bagaimana menggunakan HTML untuk memecah blok teks menjadi satu struktur headings dan paragraf, tambah penekanan/kepentingan ke dalam kata-kata, membuat list, dan banyak lagi.</dd> + <dt><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Membuat hyperlinks</a></dt> + <dd>Hyperlinks sangat penting — merekalah yang membuat web menjadi web. Artikel ini menunjukkan syntaks yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat link, dan mendiskusikan praktek terbaik untuk link.</dd> + <dt><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">Pemformatan teks maju</a></dt> + <dd>Banyak elemen lain dalam HTML untuk pemformatan teks yang tidak kita dapatkan dalam artikel <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">fundamental teks HTML</a>. Elemen ini kurang dikenal, tapi masih berfaedah untuk diketahui. Dalam artikel ini kamu akan belajar tentang menandai quotasi, deskripsi list, kode komputer dan text terkait lain, subscript dan superscript, informasi kontak, dan banyak lagi.</dd> + <dt><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Struktur dokumen dan website</a></dt> + <dd>Selain mendefinisi bagian individu halaman kamu (seperti sebuah "paragraf" atau "gambar"), HTML juga digunakan untuk mendefinisi area website kamu (seperti header," "menu navigasi," atau "kolom konten utama.") Artikel ini melihat ke dalam bagaimana merencanakan struktur web dasar dan bagaimana menulis HTML untuk mewakili struktur ini.</dd> + <dt><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">Mendebug HTML</a></dt> + <dd>Menulis HTML itu bagus, tapi kalau sesuatu buruk terjadi, dan kamu tidak bisa mengatasinya? Artikel ini akan memperkenalkan kamu pada beberapa tools yang berfaedah untuk itu.</dd> +</dl> + +<h2 id="Latihan">Latihan</h2> + +<p>Latihan-latihan berikut akan menguji pemahaman kamu mengenai HTML dasar yang ada pada panduan-panduan di atas.</p> + +<dl> + <dt><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">Menandai huruf</a></dt> + <dd>Kita semua belajar menulis huruf cepat atau lambat; itu juga contoh berfaedah untuk menguji keahlian memformat. Dalam asesmen ini, kamu akan diberi huruf untuk ditandai.</dd> + <dt><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Menandai halaman konten</a></dt> + <dd>Asesmen ini menguji kemampuanmu menggunakan HTML untuk menstrukturisasi halaman konten sederhana, yang berisi header, footer, menu navigasi, konten utama, dan sidebar.</dd> +</dl> + +<h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2> + +<dl> + <dt><a href="https://teach.mozilla.org/activities/web-lit-basics/">Dasar literasi web 1</a></dt> + <dd>Kursus Mozilla foundation terbaik yang menjelajahi dan menguji banyak kemampuan dalam modul Pengenalan HTML. Pelajar akan akrab dengan bacaan, tulisan, dan berpartisipasi dalam web di modul 6-bagian ini. Cari tahu fondasi web melalui produksi dan kolaborasi.</dd> +</dl> diff --git a/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/structuring_a_page_of_content/index.html b/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/structuring_a_page_of_content/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2535589f38 --- /dev/null +++ b/files/id/learn/html/introduction_to_html/structuring_a_page_of_content/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +--- +title: Structuring a page of content +slug: Learn/HTML/Pengenalan_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content +translation_of: Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content +--- +<div>{{LearnSidebar}}</div> + +<div>{{PreviousMenu("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}</div> + +<p class="summary">Structuring a page of content ready for laying it out using CSS is a very important skill to master, so in this assessment you'll be tested on your ability to think about how a page might end up looking, and choose appropriate structural semantics to build a layout on top of.</p> + +<table class="learn-box standard-table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="row">Prerequisites:</th> + <td>Before attempting this assessment you should have already worked through the rest of the course, with a particular emphasis on <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Document and website structure</a>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row">Objective:</th> + <td>To test knowledge of web page structures, and how to represent a prospective layout design in markup.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="Starting_point">Starting point</h2> + +<p>To get this assessment started, you should go and grab the <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/master/html/introduction-to-html/structuring-a-page-of-content-start/assets.zip?raw=true">zip file containing all the starting assets</a>.</p> + +<p><br> + The zip file contains:</p> + +<ul> + <li>The HTML you need to add structural markup to.</li> + <li>CSS to style your markup.</li> + <li>Images that are used on the page.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Create the example on your local computer, or alternatively use an online tool such as <a href="https://codepen.io/">CodePen</a>, <a href="https://jsfiddle.net/">jsFiddle</a>, or <a href="https://glitch.com/">Glitch</a> to work on the tasks.</p> + +<div class="blockIndicator note"> +<p><strong>Note</strong>: If you get stuck, then ask us for help — see the {{anch("Assessment or further help")}} section at the bottom of this page.</p> +</div> + +<h2 id="Project_brief">Project brief</h2> + +<p>Untuk proyek ini, tugas Anda adalah mengambil konten untuk beranda situs web pengamatan burung dan menambahkan elemen struktural ke dalamnya sehingga dapat memiliki tata letak halaman yang diterapkan padanya. Perlu memiliki:</p> + +<ul> + <li>Header yang merentang lebar penuh dari situs yang berisi judul utama untuk halaman, logo situs, dan menu navigasi. Judul dan logo muncul berdampingan setelah penataan diterapkan, dan navigasi muncul di bawah kedua item.</li> + <li>Area konten utama yang mengandung dua kolom - blok utama yang berisi teks sambutan, dan bilah samping berisi thumbnail gambar.</li> + <li>Footer yang berisi informasi hak cipta dan kredit.</li> +</ul> + +<p>You need to add a suitable wrapper for (Anda perlu menambahkan pembungkus yang cocok untuk:):</p> + +<ul> + <li>The header</li> + <li>The navigation menu</li> + <li>The main content</li> + <li>The welcome text</li> + <li>The image sidebar</li> + <li>The footer</li> +</ul> + +<p>You should also:</p> + +<ul> + <li>Apply the provided CSS to the page by adding another {{htmlelement("link")}} element just below the existing one provided at the start.</li> +</ul> + +<h2 id="Hints_and_tips">Hints and tips</h2> + +<ul> + <li>Use the <a href="https://validator.w3.org/nu/">W3C Nu HTML Checker</a> to catch unintended mistakes in your HTML, CSS, and SVG — mistakes you might have otherwise missed — so that you can fix them.</li> + <li>You don't need to know any CSS to do this assessment; you just need to put the provided CSS inside an HTML element.</li> + <li>The provided CSS is designed so that when the correct structural elements are added to the markup, they will appear green in the rendered page.</li> + <li>If you are getting stuck and can't envisage what elements to put where, draw out a simple block diagram of the page layout, and write on the elements you think should wrap each block. This is extremely helpful.</li> +</ul> + +<h2 id="Example">Example</h2> + +<p>The following screenshot shows an example of what the homepage might look like after being marked up.</p> + +<p><img alt='The finished example for the assessment; a simple webpage about birdwatching, including a heading of "Birdwatching", bird photos, and a welcome message' src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12449/example-page.png" style="display: block; margin: 0 auto;"></p> + +<h2 id="Assessment_or_further_help">Assessment or further help</h2> + +<p>If you would like your work assessed, or are stuck and want to ask for help:</p> + +<ol> + <li>Put your work into an online shareable editor such as <a href="https://codepen.io/">CodePen</a>, <a href="https://jsfiddle.net/">jsFiddle</a>, or <a href="https://glitch.com/">Glitch</a>.</li> + <li>Write a post asking for assessment and/or help at the <a class="external external-icon" href="https://discourse.mozilla.org/c/mdn/learn" rel="noopener">MDN Discourse forum Learning category</a>. Your post should include: + <ul> + <li>A descriptive title such as "Assessment wanted for Structuring a page of content".</li> + <li>Details of what you have already tried, and what you would like us to do, e.g. if you are stuck and need help, or want an assessment.</li> + <li>A link to the example you want assessed or need help with, in an online shareable editor (as mentioned in step 1 above). This is a good practice to get into — it's very hard to help someone with a coding problem if you can't see their code.</li> + <li>A link to the actual task or assessment page, so we can find the question you want help with.</li> + </ul> + </li> +</ol> + +<p>{{PreviousMenu("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}</p> + +<h2 id="In_this_module">In this module</h2> + +<ul> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started">Getting started with HTML</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML">What’s in the head? Metadata in HTML</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">HTML text fundamentals</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Creating hyperlinks</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">Advanced text formatting</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Document and website structure</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">Debugging HTML</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">Marking up a letter</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Structuring a page of content</a></li> +</ul> |