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author | Peter Bengtsson <mail@peterbe.com> | 2020-12-08 14:40:17 -0500 |
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committer | Peter Bengtsson <mail@peterbe.com> | 2020-12-08 14:40:17 -0500 |
commit | 33058f2b292b3a581333bdfb21b8f671898c5060 (patch) | |
tree | 51c3e392513ec574331b2d3f85c394445ea803c6 /files/zh-cn/web/javascript/reference/statements/let/index.html | |
parent | 8b66d724f7caf0157093fb09cfec8fbd0c6ad50a (diff) | |
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diff --git a/files/zh-cn/web/javascript/reference/statements/let/index.html b/files/zh-cn/web/javascript/reference/statements/let/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..84898ef237 --- /dev/null +++ b/files/zh-cn/web/javascript/reference/statements/let/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,279 @@ +--- +title: let +slug: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/let +tags: + - ECMAScript 2015 + - ECMAScript6 + - JavaScript + - let + - 变量 + - 变量声明 + - 声明 +translation_of: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/let +--- +<div>{{jsSidebar("Statements")}}</div> + +<div></div> + +<div><strong>let</strong> 语句声明一个块级作用域的本地变量,并且可选的将其初始化为一个值。</div> + +<div>{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/js/statement-let.html")}}</div> + + + +<h2 id="语法">语法</h2> + +<pre class="syntaxbox notranslate">let var1 [= value1] [, var2 [= value2]] [, ..., varN [= valueN]];</pre> + +<h3 id="参数">参数</h3> + +<dl> + <dt><code>var1</code>, <code>var2</code>, …, <code>varN</code></dt> + <dd>变量名。必须是合法的标识符。</dd> + <dt><code>value1</code>, <code>value2</code>, …, <code>valueN</code> </dt> + <dd>变量的初始值。可以是任意合法的表达式。</dd> +</dl> + +<h2 id="描述">描述</h2> + +<p><strong><code>let</code></strong>允许你声明一个作用域被限制在 {{jsxref("statements/block", "块")}}级中的变量、语句或者表达式。与 {{jsxref("statements/var", "var")}} 关键字不同的是, {{jsxref("statements/var", "var")}}声明的变量只能是全局或者整个函数块的。 {{jsxref("statements/var", "var")}} 和 <code>let</code> 的不同之处在于后者是在编译时才初始化(<a href="/zh-CN/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/let#暂存死区">见下面</a>)。</p> + +<p>就像{{jsxref("statements/const", "const", "Description")}} 一样,<code>let</code>不会在全局声明时(在最顶部的范围)创建{{domxref('window')}} 对象的属性。</p> + +<p>可以从<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37916940/js-why-let-have-this-name">这里</a>了解我们为什么使用“<strong>let</strong>”。</p> + +<h3 id="作用域规则">作用域规则</h3> + +<p><code><strong>let</strong></code>声明的变量只在其声明的块或子块中可用,这一点,与<code><strong>var</strong></code>相似。二者之间最主要的区别在于<code><strong>var</strong></code>声明的变量的作用域是整个封闭函数。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js notranslate">function varTest() { + var x = 1; + { + var x = 2; // 同样的变量! + console.log(x); // 2 + } + console.log(x); // 2 +} + +function letTest() { + let x = 1; + { + let x = 2; // 不同的变量 + console.log(x); // 2 + } + console.log(x); // 1 +} +</pre> + +<p id="Scoping_rules">在程序和方法的最顶端,<strong><code>let</code></strong>不像 <strong><code>var</code></strong> 一样,<strong><code>let</code></strong>不会在全局对象里新建一个属性。比如:</p> + +<p>位于函数或代码顶部的<strong><code>var</code></strong>声明会给全局对象新增属性, 而<strong><code>let</code></strong>不会。例如:</p> + +<pre class="brush: js notranslate">var x = 'global'; +let y = 'global'; +console.log(this.x); // "global" +console.log(this.y); // undefined +</pre> + +<h3 id="模仿私有成员">模仿私有成员</h3> + +<p>在处理<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Constructor">构造函数</a>的时候,可以通过<code><strong>let</strong></code>声明而不是闭包来创建一个或多个私有成员。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js notranslate">var Thing; + +{ + let privateScope = new WeakMap(); + let counter = 0; + + Thing = function() { + this.someProperty = 'foo'; + + privateScope.set(this, { + hidden: ++counter, + }); + }; + + Thing.prototype.showPublic = function() { + return this.someProperty; + }; + + Thing.prototype.showPrivate = function() { + return privateScope.get(this).hidden; + }; +} + +console.log(typeof privateScope); +// "undefined" + +var thing = new Thing(); + +console.log(thing); +// Thing {someProperty: "foo"} + +thing.showPublic(); +// "foo" + +thing.showPrivate(); +// 1</pre> + +<p>可以使用<code>var</code>创建和闭包具有相同隐私模式的局部变量,但是它们需要函数作用域(通常是模块模式中的IIFE),而不仅仅是上面示例中的块作用域。</p> + +<h3 id="重复声明">重复声明</h3> + +<p>在同一个函数或块作用域中重复声明同一个变量会引起{{jsxref("SyntaxError")}}。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js example-bad notranslate">if (x) { + let foo; + let foo; // SyntaxError thrown. +} +</pre> + +<p>在 <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/switch"><code>switch</code></a> 语句中只有一个块,你可能因此而遇到错误。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js example-bad notranslate">let x = 1; +switch(x) { + case 0: + let foo; + break; + + case 1: + let foo; // SyntaxError for redeclaration. + break; +} +</pre> + +<p>然而,需要特别指出的是,一个嵌套在 case 子句中的块会创建一个新的块作用域的词法环境,就不会产生上诉重复声明的错误。</p> + +<pre class="notranslate">let x = 1; + +switch(x) { + case 0: { + let foo; + break; + } + case 1: { + let foo; + break; + } +} +</pre> + +<h3 id="暂存死区">暂存死区</h3> + +<p>与通过 <code><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/var#var_hoisting">var</a></code> 声明的有初始化值 <code>undefined</code> 的变量不同,通过 <code>let</code> 声明的变量直到它们的定义被执行时才初始化。在变量初始化前访问该变量会导致 <code><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ReferenceError">ReferenceError</a></code>。该变量处在一个自块顶部到初始化处理的“暂存死区”中。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js notranslate">function do_something() { + console.log(bar); // undefined + console.log(foo); // ReferenceError + var bar = 1; + let foo = 2; +}</pre> + +<h3 id="暂存死区与_typeof">暂存死区与 <code>typeof</code></h3> + +<p>与通过<code>var</code>声明的变量, 有初始化值 <code>undefined</code>和只是未声明的变量不同的是,如果使用<code>typeof</code>检测在暂存死区中的变量, 会抛出<code>ReferenceError</code>异常:</p> + +<pre class="notranslate"><code>// prints out 'undefined' +console.log(typeof undeclaredVariable); + +// results in a 'ReferenceError' +console.log(typeof i); +let i = 10;</code> +</pre> + +<h3 id="暂存死区和静态作用域词法作用域的相关例子">暂存死区和静态作用域/词法作用域的相关例子</h3> + +<p>由于词法作用域,表达式<code>(foo + 55)</code>内的标识符<code>foo</code>被认为是if块的foo变量,而不是值为33的块外面的变量foo。</p> + +<p>在同一行,这个if块中的<code>foo</code>已经在词法环境中被创建了,但是还没有到达(或者终止)它的初始化(这是语句本身的一部分)。</p> + +<p>这个if块里的<code>foo</code>还依旧在暂存死区里。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js example-bad notranslate">function test(){ + var foo = 33; + if (foo) { + let foo = (foo + 55); // ReferenceError + } +} +test();</pre> + +<p>在以下情况下,这种现象可能会使您感到困惑。 <code>let n of n.a</code>已经在for循环块的私有范围内。因此,标识符<code>n.a</code>被解析为位于指令本身("let n")中的“ n”对象的属性“ a”。</p> + +<p>在没有执行到它的初始化语句之前,它仍旧存在于暂存死区中。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js example-bad notranslate">function go(n) { + // n here is defined! + console.log(n); // Object {a: [1,2,3]} + + for (let n of n.a) { // ReferenceError + console.log(n); + } +} + +go({a: [1, 2, 3]});</pre> + +<h2 id="其他情况">其他情况</h2> + +<p>用在块级作用域中时, <strong><code>let</code></strong>将变量的作用域限制在块内, 而<code><strong>var</strong></code>声明的变量的作用域是在函数内.</p> + +<pre class="brush: js notranslate">var a = 1; +var b = 2; + +if (a === 1) { + var a = 11; // the scope is global + let b = 22; // the scope is inside the if-block + + console.log(a); // 11 + console.log(b); // 22 +} + +console.log(a); // 11 +console.log(b); // 2</pre> + +<p>而这种<code><strong>var</strong></code> 与 <strong><code>let</code></strong>合并的声明方式会报<code><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SyntaxError">SyntaxError</a></code>错误, 因为<code><strong>var</strong></code>会将变量提升至块的顶部, 这会导致隐式地重复声明变量.</p> + +<pre class="brush: js example-bad notranslate">let x = 1; + +{ + var x = 2; // SyntaxError for re-declaration +}</pre> + +<h2 id="规范">规范</h2> + +<table class="standard-table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col">Specification</th> + <th scope="col">Status</th> + <th scope="col">Comment</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>{{SpecName('ES6', '#sec-let-and-const-declarations', 'Let and Const Declarations')}}</td> + <td>{{Spec2('ES6')}}</td> + <td>Initial definition. Does not specify let expressions or let blocks.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-let-and-const-declarations', 'Let and Const Declarations')}}</td> + <td>{{Spec2('ESDraft')}}</td> + <td></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="浏览器兼容性">浏览器兼容性</h2> + + + +<p>{{Compat("javascript.statements.let")}}</p> + +<h2 id="相关链接">相关链接</h2> + +<ul> + <li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/var"><code>var</code></a></li> + <li><a href="/zh-CN/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/const"><code>const</code></a></li> + <li><a href="https://hacks.mozilla.org/2015/07/es6-in-depth-let-and-const/">ES6 In Depth: <code>let</code> and <code>const</code></a></li> + <li><a href="https://blog.mozilla.org/addons/2015/10/14/breaking-changes-let-const-firefox-nightly-44/">Breaking changes in <code>let</code> and <code>const</code> in Firefox 44.</a></li> + <li><a href="https://github.com/getify/You-Dont-Know-JS/blob/master/scope%20%26%20closures/ch3.md">You Don't Know JS: Scope & Closures: Chapter 3: Function vs. Block Scope</a></li> + <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/a/33198850/1125029">StackOverflow: What is the Temporal Dead Zone.</a></li> + <li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/762011/whats-the-difference-between-using-let-and-var-to-declare-a-variable">StackOverflow: What is the difference between using let and var?</a></li> +</ul> |