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diff --git a/files/zh-cn/web/javascript/reference/functions/default_parameters/index.html b/files/zh-cn/web/javascript/reference/functions/default_parameters/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7422fc208b --- /dev/null +++ b/files/zh-cn/web/javascript/reference/functions/default_parameters/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ +--- +title: 默认参数值 +slug: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Default_parameters +tags: + - ECMAScript 2015 + - Functions + - JavaScript +translation_of: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Default_parameters +--- +<p>{{jsSidebar("Functions")}}</p> + +<p><strong>函数默认参数</strong>允许在没有值或<code>undefined</code>被传入时使用默认形参。</p> + +<div>{{EmbedInteractiveExample("pages/js/functions-default.html")}}</div> + + + +<h2 id="语法" name="语法">语法</h2> + +<pre class="syntaxbox">function [<em>name</em>]([<em>param1</em>[ = defaultValue1 ][, ..., <em>paramN</em>[ = defaultValueN ]]]) { +<em> statements</em> +} +</pre> + +<h2 id="描述" name="描述">描述</h2> + +<p>JavaScript 中函数的参数默认是<code>{{jsxref("undefined")}}</code>。然而,在某些情况下可能需要设置一个不同的默认值。这是默认参数可以帮助的地方。</p> + +<p>以前,一般设置默认参数的方法是在函数体测试参数是否为<code>undefined</code>,如果是的话就设置为默认的值。</p> + +<p>下面的例子中,如果在调用<code>multiply</code>时,参数<code>b</code>的值没有提供,那么它的值就为<code>undefined</code>。如果直接执行<code>a * b</code>,函数会返回 <code>NaN</code>。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function multiply(a, b) { + return a * b; +} + +multiply(5, 2); // 10 +multiply(5); // NaN ! + +</pre> + +<p>为了防止这种情况,第二行代码解决了这个问题,其中如果只使用一个参数调用<code>multiply</code>,则<code>b</code>设置为<code>1</code>:</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function multiply(a, b) { + b = (typeof b !== 'undefined') ? b : 1; + return a * b; +} + +multiply(5, 2); // 10 +multiply(5); // 5</pre> + +<p>有了默认参数,我们不需要再在函数体内做不必要的检查。现在你可以在函数头将<code>b</code>的默认值置为<code>1</code>:</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function multiply(a, b = 1) { + return a * b; +} + +multiply(5, 2); // 10 +multiply(5); // 5</pre> + +<h2 id="示例" name="示例">示例</h2> + +<h3 id="传入_undefined_vs_其他假值">传入 <code>undefined</code> vs 其他假值</h3> + +<p>在第二次调用中,即使第一个参数在调用时显式设置为<code>undefined</code>(虽然不是<code>null</code>或其他<a href="/zh-CN/docs/Glossary/Falsy">falsy</a>值),但是<code>num</code>参数的值是默认值。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function test(num = 1) { + console.log(typeof num); +} + +test(); // 'number' (num is set to 1) +test(undefined); // 'number' (num is set to 1 too) + +// test with other falsy values: +test(''); // 'string' (num is set to '') +test(null); // 'object' (num is set to null)</pre> + +<h3 id="调用时解析">调用时解析</h3> + +<p>在函数被调用时,参数默认值会被解析,所以不像Python中的例子,每次函数调用时都会创建一个新的参数对象。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function append(value, array = []) { + array.push(value); + return array; +} + +append(1); //[1] +append(2); //[2], not [1, 2]</pre> + +<p>这个规则对于函数和变量也是适用的。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function callSomething(thing = something()) { + return thing; +} + +let numberOfTimesCalled = 0; +function something() { + numberOfTimesCalled += 1; + return numberOfTimesCalled; +} + +callSomething(); // 1 +callSomething(); // 2</pre> + +<h3 id="默认参数可用于后面的默认参数">默认参数可用于后面的默认参数</h3> + +<p>已经遇到的参数可用于以后的默认参数:</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function greet(name, greeting, message = greeting + ' ' + name) { + return [name, greeting, message]; +} + +greet('David', 'Hi'); // ["David", "Hi", "Hi David"] +greet('David', 'Hi', 'Happy Birthday!'); // ["David", "Hi", "Happy Birthday!"] +</pre> + +<p>以下这个例子近似模拟了一些比较简单的情况,并说明了特殊情况是怎么被处理的。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function go() { + return ':P'; +} + +function withDefaults(a, b = 5, c = b, d = go(), e = this, + f = arguments, g = this.value) { + return [a, b, c, d, e, f, g]; +} + +function withoutDefaults(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) { + switch (arguments.length) { + case 0: + a; + case 1: + b = 5; + case 2: + c = b; + case 3: + d = go(); + case 4: + e = this; + case 5: + f = arguments; + case 6: + g = this.value; + default: + } + return [a, b, c, d, e, f, g]; +} + +withDefaults.call({value: '=^_^='}); +// [undefined, 5, 5, ":P", {value:"=^_^="}, arguments, "=^_^="] + + +withoutDefaults.call({value: '=^_^='}); +// [undefined, 5, 5, ":P", {value:"=^_^="}, arguments, "=^_^="]</pre> + +<h3 id="函数嵌套定义">函数嵌套定义</h3> + +<p>在 Gecko 33 {{geckoRelease(33)}} 中引入。在函数体内的函数声明不能引用内部的默认参数,并且会在 SpiderMonkey 抛出一个{{jsxref("ReferenceError")}}(现在是 {{jsxref("TypeError")}}),参见 {{bug(1022967)}}。默认参数总是会被首先执行,而在函数体内部的函数声明会在之后生效。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">// Doesn't work! Throws ReferenceError. +function f(a = go()) { + function go() { return ':P'; } +}</pre> + +<h3 id="位于默认参数之后非默认参数">位于默认参数之后非默认参数</h3> + +<p>在Gecko 26 {{geckoRelease(26)}}之前,以下代码会造成{{jsxref("SyntaxError")}}错误。这已经在{{bug(1022967)}}中修复,并在以后的版本中按预期方式工作。参数仍然设置为从左到右,覆盖默认参数,即使后面的参数没有默认值。</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function f(x = 1, y) { + return [x, y]; +} + +f(); // [1, undefined] +f(2); // [2, undefined]</pre> + +<h3 id="有默认值的解构参数">有默认值的解构参数</h3> + +<p>你可以通过<a href="/zh-CN/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Destructuring_assignment">解构赋值</a>为参数赋值:</p> + +<pre class="brush: js">function f([x, y] = [1, 2], {z: z} = {z: 3}) { + return x + y + z; +} + +f(); // 6</pre> + +<h2 id="规范">规范</h2> + +<table class="standard-table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="col">Specification</th> + <th scope="col">Status</th> + <th scope="col">Comment</th> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>{{SpecName('ES2015', '#sec-function-definitions', 'Function Definitions')}}</td> + <td>{{Spec2('ES2015')}}</td> + <td>Initial definition.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td>{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-function-definitions', 'Function Definitions')}}</td> + <td>{{Spec2('ESDraft')}}</td> + <td> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="浏览器兼容" name="浏览器兼容">浏览器兼容</h2> + +<div class="hidden">The compatibility table on this page is generated from structured data. If you'd like to contribute to the data, please check out <a href="https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data">https://github.com/mdn/browser-compat-data</a> and send us a pull request.</div> + +<p>{{Compat("javascript.functions.default_parameters")}}</p> + +<h2 id="相关链接" name="相关链接">相关链接</h2> + +<ul> + <li><a class="external external-icon" href="http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:parameter_default_values" rel="external" title="http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:parameter_default_values">Original proposal at ecmascript.org</a></li> +</ul> + +<p> </p> |