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diff --git a/files/zh-tw/learn/server-side/django/skeleton_website/index.html b/files/zh-tw/learn/server-side/django/skeleton_website/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b57b351eae --- /dev/null +++ b/files/zh-tw/learn/server-side/django/skeleton_website/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,388 @@ +--- +title: 'Django 教學 2: 創建一個骨架網站' +slug: Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website +translation_of: Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website +--- +<div>{{LearnSidebar}}</div> + +<div>{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website", "Learn/Server-side/Django/Models", "Learn/Server-side/Django")}}</div> + +<p class="summary">Django 教學的第二篇文章，會展示怎樣創建一個網站的"框架"，在這個框架的基礎上，你可以繼續填充整站使用的 settings， urls，模型(models)，視圖(views)和模板(templates )。</p> + +<table class="learn-box standard-table"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th scope="row">前提:</th> + <td>創建 Django 的開發環境。複習 Django 教學。</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <th scope="row">目標:</th> + <td>能夠使用 Django 提供的工具，搭建你自己的網站。</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h2 id="概覽">概覽</h2> + +<p>這篇文章會展示怎樣創建一個網站的"框架"，在這個框架的基礎上,你可以繼續填充整站使用的settings， urls，模型(models)，視圖(views)和模板(templates)（我們會在接下來的文章裡討論）。</p> + +<p>搭建 “框架” 的過程很直接:</p> + +<ol> + <li>使用 <code style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5;">django-admin</code>工具創建工程的文件夾，基本的文件模板和工程管理腳本（<strong style="line-height: 1.5;">manage.py</strong>）。</li> + <li>用 <strong>manage.py</strong> 創建一個或多個<em>應用</em>。 + <div class="note"> + <p><strong style='background-color: #fff3d4; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: x-locale-heading-primary,zillaslab,Palatino,"Palatino Linotype",x-locale-heading-secondary,serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'><font><font>注意：</font></font></strong><font><font>一個網站可能由多個部分組成，比如，主要頁面，博客，wiki，下載區域等。</font><font>Django鼓勵將這些部分作為分開的應用開發。</font><font>如果這樣的話，在需要可以在不同的工程中復用這些應用。</font></font></p> + </div> + </li> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font><font>工程裡註冊新的應用。</font></font></li> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font><font>為每個應用分配url。</font></font></li> +</ol> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>為 <span> </span></font></font><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website" style="font-style: normal !important; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(63, 135, 166); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font><font>locallibrary</font></font></a><font><font><span> </span> 這個項目創建的網站文件夾和它的工程文件夾都命名為</font></font><em><font><font>locallibrary</font></font></em><font><font>。</font><font>我們只創建一個名為</font></font><em><font><font>catalog</font></font></em><font><font>的應用。</font><font>最高層的項目文件結構如下所示：</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: bash"><em>locallibrary/ # Website folder</em> + <strong>manage.py </strong># Script to run Django tools for this project (created using django-admin) + <em>locallibrary/ # Website/project folder </em>(created using django-admin) + <em>catalog/ # Application folder </em>(created using manage.py) +</pre> + +<p><font>接下來的部分，會詳細討論創建網站框架的過程，並會展示怎麼測試這些變化。</font><font>最後，我們會討論在這個階段裡，你可以設置的全站配置。</font></p> + +<h2 id="創建專案項目">創建專案項目</h2> + +<p>首先打開命令提示符/終端，確保您在<a href="/zh-TW/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment#Using_a_virtual_environment">虛擬環境</a>中，導航到您要存放Django應用程序的位置（在文檔文件夾中，輕鬆找到它的位置），並為您的新網站，創建一個文件夾（在這種情況下：locallibrary）。然後使用cd命令進入該文件夾：</p> + +<pre class="brush: bash">mkdir locallibrary +cd locallibrary</pre> + +<p><font><font>用</font></font><code style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: 400; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; text-decoration-style: initial;'>django-admin startproject</code><font><font>命令創建新項目，並進入該文件夾。</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: bash">django-admin startproject locallibrary +cd locallibrary</pre> + +<p><code style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: 400; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; text-decoration-style: initial;'>django-admin</code><font><font>工具會創建如下所示的文件夾結構</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: bash line-numbers language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><em>locallibrary/</em> + manage.py + <em>locallibrary/</em> + __init__.py + settings.py + urls.py + wsgi.py</code></pre> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>locallibrary項目的子文件夾是整個網站的進入點：</font></font></p> + +<ul style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><strong>__init__.py</strong> 是一個空文件，指示 Python 將此目錄視為 Python 套件。</li> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>settings.py</font></font></strong><font><font><span> </span> 包含所有的網站設置。</font><font>這是可以註冊所有創建的應用的地方，也是靜態文件，數據庫配置的地方，等等。</font></font></li> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>urls.py</font></font></strong><font><font>定義了網站url到view的映射</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>。</font></font></strong><font><font>雖然這裡可以包含所有的url，但是更常見的做法是把應用相關的url包含在相關應用中，你可以在接下來的教程裡看到。</font></font></li> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>wsgi.py<span> </span></font></font></strong><span style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font> 幫助Django應用和網絡服務器間的通訊。</font><font>你可以把這個當作模板。</font></font></span></li> +</ul> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>manage.py</font></font></strong><font><font>腳本可以創建應用，和資料庫通訊，啟動開發用網絡服務器。</font></font></p> + +<h2 id="創建_catalog_應用">創建 catalog 應用</h2> + +<p><font><font>接下來，在locallibrary項目裡，使用下面的命令創建catalog應用（和您項目的</font></font><strong style='background-color: #ffffff; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans",arial,x-locale-body,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'><font><font>manage.py</font></font></strong><font><font>在同一個文件夾下）</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: bash">python3 manage.py startapp catalog</pre> + +<div class="note"> +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: x-locale-heading-primary, zillaslab, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", x-locale-heading-secondary, serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; text-decoration-style: initial;'><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>注意：</font></font></strong><font><font><span> </span>Linux/Mac OS X應用可以使用上面的命令。</font><font>在windows平台下應該改為：</font></font></span> <code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 1rem;'>py -3 manage.py startapp catalog</code></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: x-locale-heading-primary, zillaslab, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", x-locale-heading-secondary, serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>如果你是windows系統，在這個部分用</font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 1rem;'>py -3</code><font><font>替代</font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 1rem;'>python3</code><font><font>。</font></font></p> + +<p>如果您使用的是Python 3.7.0，則應使用<code>py manage.py startapp catalog</code></p> +</div> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>這個工具創建了一個新的文件夾，並為該應用創建了不同的文件（下面黑體所示）。</font><font>絕大多數文件的命名和它們的目的有關（比如視圖函數就是</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>views.py，</font></font></strong><font><font>模型就是</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>models.py，</font></font></strong><font><font>測試是</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>tests.py，</font></font></strong><font><font>網站管理設置是</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>admin.py，</font></font></strong><font><font>註冊應用是</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>apps.py）</font></font></strong><font><font>，並且還包含了為項目所用的最小模板。</font></font></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>執行命令後的文件夾結構如下所示：</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: bash"><em>locallibrary/</em> + manage.py + <em>locallibrary/ +</em><strong> <em>catalog/</em> + admin.py + apps.py + models.py + tests.py + views.py + __init__.py + <em>migrations/</em></strong> +</pre> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>除上面所說的文件外，我們還有：</font></font></p> + +<ul style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font><font>一個</font></font><em><font><font>migration</font></font></em><font><font>文件夾，用來存放 “migrations” ——當你修改你的數據模型時，這個文件會自動升級你的資料庫。</font></font></li> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>__init__.py</font></font></strong><font><font><span> </span>—一個空文件，Django/Python會將這個文件作為</font></font><a class="external external-icon" href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html#packages" rel="noopener" style="font-style: normal !important; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(63, 135, 166); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; white-space: pre-line;"><font><font>Python套件包</font></font></a><font><font>並允許你在項目的其他部分使用它。</font></font></li> +</ul> + +<div class="note"> +<p><span style='background-color: #fff3d4; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: x-locale-heading-primary,zillaslab,Palatino,"Palatino Linotype",x-locale-heading-secondary,serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>注意</font></font></strong></span><font><font><span> </span>:你注意到上面的文件裡有些缺失嘛？</font><font>儘管有了 views 和 models 的文件，可是 url 映射，網站模板，靜態文件在哪裡呢？</font><font>我們會在接下來的部分展示如何創建它們（並不是每個網站都需要，不過這個例子需要）。</font></font></p> +</div> + +<h2 id="註冊catalog應用"><font><font>註冊catalog應用</font></font></h2> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>既然應用已經創建好了，我們還必須在項目裡註冊它，以便工具在運行時它會包括在裡面（比如在數據庫裡添加模型時）。</font><font>在項目的settings裡，把應用添加進</font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>INSTALLED_APPS</code><font><font> ，就完成了註冊。</font></font></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>打開項目設置文件 <span> </span></font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>locallibrary/locallibrary/settings.py</font></font></strong><font><font>找到 <span> </span></font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>INSTALLED_APPS</code><font><font> 列表裡的定義。</font><font>如下所示，在列表的最後添加新的一行。</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: bash">INSTALLED_APPS = [ + 'django.contrib.admin', + 'django.contrib.auth', + 'django.contrib.contenttypes', + 'django.contrib.sessions', + 'django.contrib.messages', + 'django.contrib.staticfiles', +<strong> 'catalog.apps.CatalogConfig', </strong> +]</pre> + +<p><font><font>新的這行，詳細說明了應用配置文件在(<span> </span></font></font><code style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: 400; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; text-decoration-style: initial;'>CatalogConfig</code><font><font>) </font></font><strong style='background-color: #ffffff; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans",arial,x-locale-body,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'><font><font>/locallibrary/catalog/apps.py</font></font></strong><font><font><span> </span> 裡，當你創建應用時就完成了這個過程。</font></font></p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong style='background-color: #fff3d4; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: x-locale-heading-primary,zillaslab,Palatino,"Palatino Linotype",x-locale-heading-secondary,serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'><font><font>注意</font></font></strong><font><font><span> </span>:注意到</font></font><code style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: 400; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 1rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; text-decoration-style: initial;'>INSTALLED_APPS已经有许多其他的应用了</code><font><font> (還有 </font></font><code style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: 400; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 1rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; text-decoration-style: initial;'>MIDDLEWARE</code><font><font>,在settings的下面)。</font><font>這些應用為 <span> </span></font></font><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site" style='font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(63, 135, 166); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: x-locale-heading-primary, zillaslab, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", x-locale-heading-secondary, serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 243, 212);'><font><font>Django administration site</font></font></a><font><font><span> </span> 提供了支持和許多功能(包括會話，認證系統等)。</font></font></p> +</div> + +<h2 id="配置資料庫"><font><font>配置資料庫</font></font></h2> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>現在可以為項目配置資料庫了——為了避免性能上的差異，最好在生產和開發中使用同一種資料庫。你可以在</font></font><a class="external external-icon" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/settings/#databases" rel="noopener" style="font-style: normal !important; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(63, 135, 166); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; white-space: pre-line;"><font><font>資料庫</font></font></a><font><font><span> </span> 裡找到不同的設置方法(Django文檔)。 </font></font></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>在這個項目裡，我們使用SQLite。</font><font>因為在展示用的數據庫中，我們不會有很多並發存取的行為。</font><font>同時，也因為SQLite不需要額外的配置工作。</font><font>你可以在</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>settings.py</font></font></strong><font><font>裡看到這個數據庫怎樣配置的。</font><font>（更多信息如下所示）</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: python">DATABASES = { + 'default': { + 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3', + 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'), + } +} +</pre> + +<p><font>因為我們使用SQLite，不需要其他的設置了。</font><font>我們繼續吧！</font></p> + +<h2 id="其他項目設置"><font><font>其他項目設置</font></font></h2> + +<p><font><font>settings.py裡還包括其他的一些設置，現在只需要改變</font></font><a class="external external-icon" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/settings/#std:setting-TIME_ZONE" rel="noopener" style='font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(63, 135, 166); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; white-space: pre-line; font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'><font><font>時區</font></font></a><font><font><span> </span>—改為和標準</font></font><a class="external external-icon" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones" rel="noopener" style='font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(63, 135, 166); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; white-space: pre-line; font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'><font><font>tz時區數據表</font></font></a><font><font><span> </span> 裡的字符串相同就可以了（數據表裡的TZ列有你想要的時區）。</font><font>把</font></font><code style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: 400; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; text-decoration-style: initial;'>TIME_ZONE</code><font><font>的值改為你的時區，比如</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: python">TIME_ZONE = 'Europe/London'</pre> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>有兩個設置你現在不會用到，不過你應該留意：</font></font></p> + +<ul style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>SECRET_KEY</code><font><font>. 這個密匙值，是Django網站安全策略的一部分。</font><font>如果在開發環境中，沒有保護好這個密匙，把代碼投入生產環境時，最好用不同的密匙代替。</font><font>（可能從環境變量或文件中讀取）。</font></font></li> + <li style="font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>DEBUG</code><font><font>. 這個會在debug日誌裡輸出錯誤信息，而不是輸入HTTP的返回碼。</font><font>在生產環境中，它應設置為false，因為輸出的錯誤信息，會幫助想要攻擊網站的人。</font></font></li> +</ul> + +<h2 id="鏈接URL映射器"><font><font>鏈接URL映射器</font></font></h2> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>在項目文件夾裡，創建網站時同時生成了URL映射器（</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>urls.py</font></font></strong><font><font>）。</font><font>儘管你可以用它來管理所有的URL映射，但是更常用的做法是把URL映射留到它們相關的應用中。</font></font></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>打開</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>locallibrary/locallibrary/urls.py</font></font></strong><font><font><span> </span> 注意指導文字解釋了一些使用URL映射器的方法。</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: python">"""locallibrary URL Configuration + +The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: + https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/urls/ +Examples: +Function views + 1. Add an import: from my_app import views + 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', views.home, name='home') +Class-based views + 1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home + 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('', Home.as_view(), name='home') +Including another URLconf + 1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path + 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path('blog/', include('blog.urls')) +""" +from django.contrib import admin +from django.urls import path + +urlpatterns = [ + path('admin/', admin.site.urls), +] +</pre> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>URL映射通過</font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>urlpatterns</code><font><font> 變量管理，它是一個</font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>path()</code><font><font>函數的Python列表。</font><font>每個</font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>path()</code><font><font>函數，要么將URL式樣(URL pattern)關聯到特定視圖(<span> </span></font></font><em><font><font>specific view)</font></font></em><font><font>，當模式匹配時將會顯示，要么關聯到某個URL式樣列表的測試代碼。</font><font>(第二種情況下，URL式樣是目標模型裡的“基本URL”).<span> </span></font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>urlpatterns</code><font><font> 列表初始化定義了單一函數，把所有帶有 </font></font>'admin/' 模式的 <font><font>URL，映射到<code>admin.site.urls</code>。這個函數，包含了Administration應用自己的URL映射定義。</font></font></p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>注意</strong>: <code>path()</code>中的路由是一個字符串，用於定義要匹配的URL模式。該字符串可能包括一個命名變量（在尖括號中），例如<code>'catalog/<id>/'</code>。此模式將匹配<strong> /catalog/</strong><em>any_chars</em><strong>/</strong> 等URL，並將any_chars 作為參數名稱為<code>id</code> 的字符串，傳遞給視圖。我們將在後面的主題中，進一步討論路徑方法和路由模式</p> +</div> + +<p><span style='background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Open Sans",arial,x-locale-body,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'>在</span><code style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: 400; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; text-decoration-style: initial;'>urlpatterns</code><span style='background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Open Sans",arial,x-locale-body,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'> 列表的下面一行，插入下面的代码。</span>這個新項目包括一個 <code>path()</code> ，它使用模式 <code>catalog/</code> 轉發請求到模塊 <code>catalog.urls</code>（具有相對 URL <strong>/catalog/urls.py </strong>的文件）。</p> + +<pre class="brush: python"># Use include() to add paths from the catalog application +from django.conf.urls import include +from django.urls import path + +urlpatterns += [ + path('catalog/', include('catalog.urls')), +] +</pre> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>現在我們把我們網站的根URL(例如</font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>127.0.0.1:8000</code><font><font>)，重新導向URL<span> </span></font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>127.0.0.1:8000/catalog/</code><font><font>;這是項目中唯一的應用，所以我們最好這樣做。</font><font>為了完成這個目標，我們使用一個特別的視圖函數(<span> </span></font></font><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>RedirectView</code><font><font>)，當</font></font><code>path()</code><font><font>函數中的 url 式樣被識別以後（在這個例子中是根 url），就會把第一個參數，也就是新的相對 URL ，重定向到（</font></font><code>/catalog/</code><font><font>）。</font></font></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>把下面的代碼加到文件最後：</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: python">#Add URL maps to redirect the base URL to our application +from django.views.generic import RedirectView +urlpatterns += [ + path('', RedirectView.as_view(url='/catalog/')), +]</pre> + +<p>將路徑函數的第一個參數留空，用以表示'/'。如果您將第一個參數寫為'/'，Django會在您啟動開發服務器時給出以下警告：</p> + +<pre class="brush: python">System check identified some issues: + +WARNINGS: +?: (urls.W002) Your URL pattern '/' has a route beginning with a '/'. +Remove this slash as it is unnecessary. +If this pattern is targeted in an include(), ensure the include() pattern has a trailing '/'. +</pre> + +<p>Django默認不提供CSS，JavaScript和圖像等靜態文件，但在創建站點時，開發Web服務器這樣做是有用的。作為此URL映射器的最終添加，您可以通過附加以下幾行，在開發期間啟用靜態文件的提供。</p> + +<p>現在將以下最終區塊，添加到文件的底部：</p> + +<pre><code># Use static() to add url mapping to serve static files during development (only) +from django.conf import settings +from django.conf.urls.static import static + +urlpatterns += static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)</code> +</pre> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>注意</strong>: 有許多方法可以擴充<code>urlpatterns</code>列表（上面我們只是使用<code>+= </code>運算符，附加一個新的列表項，來清楚地分隔舊代碼和新代碼）。我們可以改為在原始列表定義中，包含這個新的模式映射：</p> + +<pre class="brush: python">urlpatterns = [ + path('admin/', admin.site.urls), + path('catalog/', include('catalog.urls')), + path('', RedirectView.as_view(url='/catalog/', permanent=True)), +] + <code>static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)</code> +</pre> + +<p>此外，我們將導入行（<code>from django.urls import include</code>）包含在使用它的代碼中（因此很容易看到我們添加的內容），但通常將所有導入行包含在一個Python文件的頂部。</p> +</div> + +<p>最後一步，在<strong>catalog</strong>文件夾中，創建一個名為<strong>urls.py</strong>的文件，並添加以下文本，以定義（空）導入的<code>urlpatterns</code>。這是我們在構建應用程序時，添加模式的地方。</p> + +<pre class="brush: python">from django.urls import path +from . import views + + +urlpatterns = [ + +] +</pre> + +<h2 id="測試網站框架"><font><font>測試網站框架</font></font></h2> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>現在我們有了一個完整的框架項目。</font><font>這個網站現在還什麼都不能做，但是我們仍然要運行，以確保我們的更改是有效的。</font></font></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>在運行前，我們應該先運行</font></font><em><font><font>數據庫遷移</font></font></em><font><font>。</font><font>這會更新我們的數據庫並且包含所有安裝的應用（同時去除一些警告）。</font></font></p> + +<h3 id="運行資料庫遷移">運行資料庫遷移</h3> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>Django使用對象關係映射器（ORM），將Django代碼中的模型定義，映射到底層資料庫使用的數據結構。</font><font>當我們更改模型定義時，Django會跟踪更改，並創建資料庫遷移腳本(位於<span> </span></font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>/locallibrary/catalog/migrations/</font></font></strong><font><font><span> </span>)，來自動遷移資料庫中的底層數據結構。</font></font></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>當我們創建網站時，Django會自動添加一些模型，供網站的管理部分使用（稍後我們會解釋）。</font><font>運行以下命令，來定義資料庫中這些模型的表（確認你位於包含 </font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>manage.py </font></font></strong><font><font>的目錄中):</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: bash">python3 manage.py makemigrations +python3 manage.py migrate +</pre> + +<div class="warning"> +<p><strong>重要</strong>: <span style='background-color: #ffe7e8; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: x-locale-heading-primary,zillaslab,Palatino,"Palatino Linotype",x-locale-heading-secondary,serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'>每次模型改變，都需要運行以上命令，來影響需要存放的數據結構（包括添加和刪除整個模型和單個字段）。</span></p> +</div> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>該</font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>makemigrations</code></strong><font><font>命令，創建（但不實施）項目中安裝的所有應用程序的遷移（你可以指定應用程序名稱，也可以為單個項目運行遷移）。</font><font>這讓你有機會在應用這些遷移之前，檢查這些遷移代碼—當你是Django專家時，你可以選擇稍微調整它們。</font></font></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>這個 </font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code style='font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 2px; border: 0px; font-weight: inherit; background-color: rgba(220, 220, 220, 0.5); border-radius: 2px; font-family: consolas, "Liberation Mono", courier, monospace; word-wrap: break-word;'>migrate</code></strong><font><font>命令，真正對你的資料庫實施遷移（Django跟踪哪些已添加到當前資料庫）。</font></font></p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>注意</strong>: 參見 <a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/migrations/">Migrations</a> (Django 文件) <span style='background-color: #fff3d4; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: x-locale-heading-primary,zillaslab,Palatino,"Palatino Linotype",x-locale-heading-secondary,serif; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'>，了解較少使用的遷移命令的其他信息。</span></p> +</div> + +<h3 id="運行網站">運行網站</h3> + +<p><span style='background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Open Sans",arial,x-locale-body,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'>在開發期間，你首先要使用開發網頁服務器，然後用你本機的瀏覽器觀看，來測試你的網站。</span></p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>注意</strong>: <font><font>這個開發網頁服務器並不夠強大，不足以用於生產使用，但是它使你在開發期間，能非常容易獲得你的 Django 網站和運行它，以此來進行快速測試。默認情況下，服務器會開通（http://127.0.0.1:8000/),但你也可以選擇其他端口。有關更多信息，查閱（</font></font><a class="external external-icon" href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/django-admin/#runserver" rel="noopener" style='font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(63, 135, 166); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; white-space: pre-line; font-family: x-locale-heading-primary, zillaslab, Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", x-locale-heading-secondary, serif; font-size: 18px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255, 243, 212);'><font><font>django-admin and manage.py: runserver</font></font></a><font><font>）(Django docs).</font></font></p> +</div> + +<p><font><font>通過如下</font></font><code>runserver</code><font><font>命令，運行開發網頁服務器。（同樣的要在</font></font><strong style='background-color: #ffffff; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans",arial,x-locale-body,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'><font><font>manage.py</font></font></strong><font><font>的目錄）</font></font></p> + +<pre class="brush: bash">python3 manage.py runserver + + Performing system checks... + + System check identified no issues (0 silenced). + September 22, 2016 - 16:11:26 + Django version 1.10, using settings 'locallibrary.settings' + Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ + Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK. +</pre> + +<p><font><font>一旦服務器運行，你可以用你的瀏覽器導航到</font></font><a class="external external-icon" href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/" rel="noopener" style='font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(63, 135, 166); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; white-space: pre-line; font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);'><font><font>http://127.0.0.1:8000/</font></font></a><font><font> 查看。你應該會看到一個錯誤頁面，如下。</font></font></p> + +<p><img alt="Django Debug page for Django 2.0" src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/15729/django_404_debug_page.png"></p> + +<p><font><font>別擔心，這個錯誤頁面是預期的結果。</font><font>因為我們沒有在</font></font> <code>catalogs.urls</code><font><font>模塊中，定義任何頁面或網址（即是當我們使用一個指向根目錄的URL時，會被重新定向的地方）。</font></font></p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>注意</strong>: 上面的頁面，演示了一個很棒的Django功能 - 自動除錯日誌記錄。只要找不到頁面，或者代碼引發任何錯誤，就會顯示錯誤畫面，其中包含有用的信息。在這種情況下，我們可以看到我們提供的URL，與我們的任何URL模式都不匹配（如列出的那樣）。在生產期間（當我們將網站放在網上時），日誌記錄將被關閉，在這種情況下，將提供信息量較少、但用戶友好的頁面。</p> +</div> + +<p><span style='background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: "Open Sans",arial,x-locale-body,sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal;'>這個時候，我們知道Django正在工作！</span></p> + +<div class="note"> +<p><strong>注意</strong>: <font>在進行重大更改時，你應該重新運行遷移，並重新測試站點。這不需要很長時間！</font></p> +</div> + +<h2 id="挑戰自我"><font><font>挑戰自我</font></font></h2> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>該 </font></font><strong style="border: 0px; font-style: normal !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><font><font>catalog/ <span> </span></font></font></strong><font><font>目錄包含應用程序的視圖、模型、和應用的其他部分，你可以打開這些文件並查看樣板。</font></font></p> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>如上所述，管理站點的URL映射，已經添加到項目的</font></font> <strong>urls.py</strong><font><font>。</font><font>在瀏覽器中查看管理區域，看看會發生什麼（你可以從上面映射，推斷正確的URL）。</font></font></p> + +<ul> +</ul> + +<h2 id="總結">總結</h2> + +<p style='font-style: normal; margin: 0px 0px 24px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 42rem; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: "Open Sans", arial, x-locale-body, sans-serif; font-size: medium; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial;'><font><font>你現在已經創建了一個完整的骨架網站項目，你可以繼續加入網址、模型、視圖、和模版。</font></font></p> + +<p><font><font>現在，</font></font><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website" style="font-style: normal !important; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(63, 135, 166); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px;"><font><font>Local Library website</font></font></a><font><font>的骨架已經完成並運行了，是時候開始</font></font>寫些代碼，讓網站做些它應該做的事了。</p> + +<h2 id="參見">參見</h2> + +<ul> + <li><a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/intro/tutorial01/">Writing your first Django app - part 1</a> (Django docs)</li> + <li><a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/applications/#configuring-applications">Applications</a> (Django Docs). Contains information on configuring applications.</li> +</ul> + +<p>{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website", "Learn/Server-side/Django/Models", "Learn/Server-side/Django")}}</p> + + + +<h2 id="本教程連結">本教程連結</h2> + +<ul> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction">Django introduction</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security">Django web application security</a></li> + <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog">DIY Django mini blog</a></li> +</ul> |