path: root/files/id/learn/html/pengenalan_html/html_text_fundamentals/index.html

---
title: Teks mendasar HTML
slug: Learn/HTML/Pengenalan_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals
translation_of: Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals
---
<div>{{LearnSidebar}}</div>

<div>{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}</div>

<p class="summary">Salah satu tugas utama HTML adalah memberikan struktur dan makna teks (dikenal juga sebagai {{glossary("semantics")}}) dengan begitu peramban dapat menampilkannya dengan benar. Artikel ini menjelaskan cara {{glossary("HTML")}} digunakan untuk membuat struktur halaman teks dengan menambahkan judul dan paragraf, menekankan kata-kata, membuat daftar, dan lainnya.</p>

<table class="learn-box standard-table">
 <tbody>
  <tr>
   <th scope="row">Prasyarat:</th>
   <td>Familiar dengan dasar-dasar HTML, dicakup dalam <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started">Getting started with HTML</a>.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <th scope="row">Hal yang dipelajari:</th>
   <td>Mempelajari cara menandai halaman dasar teks untuk memberikan struktur dan tujuan — termasuk paragraf, judul, daftar, penekanan, dan kutipan.</td>
  </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

<h2 id="Dasar-dasarnya_Judul_dan_paragaf">Dasar-dasarnya: Judul dan paragaf</h2>

<p>Sebaguan besar struktur teks terdiri dari judul dan paragraf, st structured text consists of headings and paragraphs, ntah Anda membaca sebuah kisah, koran, buku pelajaran, majalah, dsb.</p>

<p><img alt="An example of a newspaper front cover, showing use of a top level heading, subheadings and paragraphs." src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/12371/newspaper_small.jpg" style="display: block; margin: 0px auto;" title="An example of a newspaper front cover, showing use of a top level heading, subheadings and paragraphs."></p>

<p>Konten yang terstruktur membuat pengalaman membaca lebih mudah dan lebih menyenangkan.</p>

<p>Dalam HTML, setiap paragraf dirangkap element {{htmlelement("p")}}, seperti berikut.</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;p&gt;I am a paragraph, oh yes I am.&lt;/p&gt;</pre>

<p>Setiap judul juga dirangkap dalam sebuah element "heading":</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;h1&gt;I am the title of the story.&lt;/h1&gt;</pre>

<p>Terdaoat beberapa element heading (judul) — {{htmlelement("h1")}}, {{htmlelement("h2")}}, {{htmlelement("h3")}}, {{htmlelement("h4")}}, {{htmlelement("h5")}}, dan {{htmlelement("h6")}}. Setiap element mewakili level konten yang berbeda dalam dokumennnya; <code>&lt;h1&gt;</code> mewakili judul utama, <code>&lt;h2&gt;</code> mewakili sub judul, <code>&lt;h3&gt;</code> mewakili sub-sub judul, dan seterusnya.</p>

<h3 id="Menerapkan_susunan_struktural">Menerapkan susunan struktural</h3>

<p>Untuk contohnya, dalam sebuah kisah, <code>&lt;h1&gt;</code> mewakili judul kisahnya, <code>&lt;h2&gt;</code> mewakili judul setiap babnya dan <code>&lt;h3&gt;</code> mewakili sub-bagian setiap babnya, dan seterusnya.</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;h1&gt;The Crushing Bore&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;p&gt;By Chris Mills&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Chapter 1: The dark night&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It was a dark night. Somewhere, an owl hooted. The rain lashed down on the ...&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Chapter 2: The eternal silence&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our protagonist could not so much as a whisper out of the shadowy figure ...&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;The specter speaks&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Several more hours had passed, when all of a sudden the specter sat bolt upright and exclaimed, "Please have mercy on my soul!"&lt;/p&gt;</pre>

<p>Sebenarnya terserah Anda element yang digunakan, selama susunannya masuk akal. Anda perlu mengingat beberapa prakter terbaik saat Anda membuat struktur seperti:</p>

<ul>
 <li>Lebih baik Anda hanya menggunakan <code>&lt;h1&gt;</code> sekali per halaman — ini adalah judul teratas, dan semua yang lain berada di bawah tingkat ini.</li>
 <li>Pastikan Anda menggunakan headung dalam tingkatan urut yang benar. Jangan menggunakan <code>&lt;h3&gt;</code> untuk mewakili sub-judul subheadings, diikuti <code>&lt;h2&gt;</code> untuk mewakili sub-sub judul — ini tidak masuk akal dan akan membuat hasil yang aneh.</li>
 <li>Dari enam level heading yang tersedia, Anda harus menargetkan tidak nenggunakn lebih dari tiga oer halaman, kecuali jika Anda merasa itu diperlukan. Documents with many levels (i.e., a deep heading hierarchy) become unwieldy and difficult to navigate. On such occasions, it is advisable to spread the content over multiple pages if possible.</li>
</ul>

<h3 id="Why_do_we_need_structure">Why do we need structure?</h3>

<p>To answer this question, let's take a look at <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/master/html/introduction-to-html/html-text-formatting/text-start.html">text-start.html</a> — the starting point of our running example for this article (a nice hummus recipe). You should save a copy of this file on your local machine, as you'll need it for the exercises later on. This document's body currently contains multiple pieces of content — they aren't marked up in any way, but they are separated with linebreaks (Enter/Return pressed to go onto the next line).</p>

<p>However, when you open the document in your browser, you'll see that the text appears as a big chunk!</p>

<p><img alt="A webpage that shows a wall of unformatted text, because there are no elements on the page to structure it." src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/14827/Screen%20Shot%202017-03-29%20at%2009.20.35.png" style="display: block; height: 377px; margin: 0px auto; width: 600px;" title="A webpage that shows a wall of unformatted text, because there are no elements on the page to structure it."></p>

<p>This is because there are no elements to give the content structure, so the browser does not know what is a heading and what is a paragraph. Furthermore:</p>

<ul>
 <li>Users looking at a web page tend to scan quickly to find relevant content, often just reading the headings to begin with (we usually <a class="external external-icon" href="http://www.nngroup.com/articles/how-long-do-users-stay-on-web-pages/">spend a very short time on a web page</a>). If they can't see anything useful within a few seconds, they'll likely get frustrated and go somewhere else.</li>
 <li>Search engines indexing your page consider the contents of headings as important keywords for influencing the page's search rankings. Without headings, your page will perform poorly in terms of {{glossary("SEO")}} (Search Engine Optimization).</li>
 <li>Severely visually impaired people often don't read web pages; they listen to them instead. This is done with software called a <a class="external external-icon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_reader" title="screen readers">screen reader</a>. This software provides ways to get fast access to given text content. Among the various techniques used, they provide an outline of the document by reading out the headings, allowing their users to find the information they need quickly. If headings are not available, they will be forced to listen to the whole document read out loud.</li>
 <li>To style content with {{glossary("CSS")}}, or make it do interesting things with {{glossary("JavaScript")}}, you need to have elements wrapping the relevant content, so CSS/JavaScript can effectively target it.</li>
</ul>

<p>We therefore need to give our content structural markup.</p>

<h3 id="Active_learning_Giving_our_content_structure">Active learning: Giving our content structure</h3>

<p>Let's jump straight in with a live example. In the example below, add elements to the raw text in the <em>Input</em> field so that it appears as a heading and two paragraphs in the <em>Output</em> field.</p>

<p>If you make a mistake, you can always reset it using the <em>Reset</em> button. If you get stuck, press the <em>Show solution</em> button to see the answer.</p>

<div class="hidden">
<h6 id="Playable_code">Playable code</h6>



<pre class="brush: html">&lt;h2&gt;Live output&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Editable code&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="a11y-label"&gt;Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 100px; width: 95%"&gt;My short story I am a policewoman and my name is Trish.

My legs are made of cardboard and I am married to a fish.&lt;/textarea&gt;

&lt;div class="playable-buttons"&gt;
  &lt;input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"&gt;
  &lt;input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</pre>





<pre class="brush: css">html {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

h2 {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.a11y-label {
  margin: 0;
  text-align: right;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  width: 98%;
}

body {
  margin: 10px;
  background: #f5f9fa;
}</pre>









<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code');
var reset = document.getElementById('reset');
var solution = document.getElementById('solution');
var output = document.querySelector('.output');
var code = textarea.value;
var userEntry = textarea.value;

function updateCode() {
  output.innerHTML = textarea.value;
}

reset.addEventListener('click', function() {
  textarea.value = code;
  userEntry = textarea.value;
  solutionEntry = htmlSolution;
  solution.value = 'Show solution';
  updateCode();
});

solution.addEventListener('click', function() {
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    textarea.value = solutionEntry;
    solution.value = 'Hide solution';
  } else {
    textarea.value = userEntry;
    solution.value = 'Show solution';
  }
  updateCode();
});

var htmlSolution = '&lt;h1&gt;My short story&lt;/h1&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;I am a policewoman and my name is Trish.&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;My legs are made of cardboard and I am married to a fish.&lt;/p&gt;';
var solutionEntry = htmlSolution;

textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode);
window.addEventListener('load', updateCode);

// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and
// make it write a tab at the caret position instead

textarea.onkeydown = function(e){
  if (e.keyCode === 9) {
    e.preventDefault();
    insertAtCaret('\t');
  }

  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    textarea.blur();
  }
};

function insertAtCaret(text) {
  var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;
  var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;

  var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos);
  var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length);
  textarea.value = front + text + back;
  caretPos = caretPos + text.length;
  textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;
  textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;
  textarea.focus();
  textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;
}

// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code

textarea.onkeyup = function(){
  // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,
  // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    userEntry = textarea.value;
  } else {
    solutionEntry = textarea.value;
  }

  updateCode();
};</pre>


</div>

<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code', 700, 400, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p>

<h3 id="Why_do_we_need_semantics">Why do we need semantics?</h3>

<p>Semantics are relied on everywhere around us — we rely on previous experience to tell us what the function of an everyday object is; when we see something, we know what its function will be. So, for example, we expect a red traffic light to mean "stop", and a green traffic light to mean "go". Things can get tricky very quickly if the wrong semantics are applied (Do any countries use red to mean "go"? I hope not.)</p>

<p>In a similar vein, we need to make sure we are using the correct elements, giving our content the correct meaning, function, or appearance. In this context the {{htmlelement("h1")}} element is also a semantic element, which gives the text it wraps around the role (or meaning) of "a top level heading on your page."</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;h1&gt;This is a top level heading&lt;/h1&gt;</pre>

<p>By default, the browser will give it a large font size to make it look like a heading (although you could style it to look like anything you wanted using CSS). More importantly, its semantic value will be used in multiple ways, for example by search engines and screen readers (as mentioned above).</p>

<p>On the other hand, you could make any element <em>look</em> like a top level heading. Consider the following:</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;span style="font-size: 32px; margin: 21px 0; display: block;"&gt;Is this a top level heading?&lt;/span&gt;</pre>

<p>This is a {{htmlelement("span")}} element. It has no semantics. You use it to wrap content when you want to apply CSS to it (or do something to it with JavaScript) without giving it any extra meaning (you'll find out more about these later on in the course). We've applied some CSS to it to make it look like a top level heading, but since it has no semantic value, it will not get any of the extra benefits described above. It is a good idea to use the relevant HTML element for the job.</p>

<h2 id="Lists">Lists</h2>

<p>Now let's turn our attention to lists. Lists are everywhere in life — from your shopping list to the list of directions you subconsciously follow to get to your house every day, to the lists of instructions you are following in these tutorials! Lists are everywhere on the Web too, and we've got three different types to worry about.</p>

<h3 id="Unordered">Unordered</h3>

<p>Unordered lists are used to mark up lists of items for which the order of the items doesn't matter — let's take a shopping list as an example.</p>

<pre>milk
eggs
bread
hummus</pre>

<p>Every unordered list starts off with a {{htmlelement("ul")}} element — this wraps around all the list items:</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;ul&gt;
milk
eggs
bread
hummus
&lt;/ul&gt;</pre>

<p>The last step is to wrap each list item in a {{htmlelement("li")}} (list item) element:</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;milk&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;eggs&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;bread&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;hummus&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</pre>

<h4 id="Active_learning_Marking_up_an_unordered_list">Active learning: Marking up an unordered list</h4>

<p>Try editing the live sample below to create your very own HTML unordered list.</p>

<div class="hidden">
<h6 id="Playable_code_2">Playable code</h6>



<pre class="brush: html">&lt;h2&gt;Live output&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Editable code&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="a11y-label"&gt;Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 100px; width: 95%"&gt;milk
eggs
bread
hummus&lt;/textarea&gt;

&lt;div class="playable-buttons"&gt;
  &lt;input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"&gt;
  &lt;input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</pre>







<pre class="brush: css">html {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

h2 {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.a11y-label {
  margin: 0;
  text-align: right;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  width: 98%;
}

body {
  margin: 10px;
  background: #f5f9fa;
}</pre>









<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code');
var reset = document.getElementById('reset');
var solution = document.getElementById('solution');
var output = document.querySelector('.output');
var code = textarea.value;
var userEntry = textarea.value;

function updateCode() {
  output.innerHTML = textarea.value;
}

reset.addEventListener('click', function() {
  textarea.value = code;
  userEntry = textarea.value;
  solutionEntry = htmlSolution;
  solution.value = 'Show solution';
  updateCode();
});

solution.addEventListener('click', function() {
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    textarea.value = solutionEntry;
    solution.value = 'Hide solution';
  } else {
    textarea.value = userEntry;
    solution.value = 'Show solution';
  }
  updateCode();
});

var htmlSolution = '&lt;ul&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;milk&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;eggs&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;bread&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;hummus&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;';
var solutionEntry = htmlSolution;

textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode);
window.addEventListener('load', updateCode);

// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and
// make it write a tab at the caret position instead

textarea.onkeydown = function(e){
  if (e.keyCode === 9) {
    e.preventDefault();
    insertAtCaret('\t');
  }

  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    textarea.blur();
  }
};

function insertAtCaret(text) {
  var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;
  var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;

  var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos);
  var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length);
  textarea.value = front + text + back;
  caretPos = caretPos + text.length;
  textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;
  textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;
  textarea.focus();
  textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;
}

// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code

textarea.onkeyup = function(){
  // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,
  // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    userEntry = textarea.value;
  } else {
    solutionEntry = textarea.value;
  }

  updateCode();
};</pre>


</div>

<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_2', 700, 400, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p>

<h3 id="Ordered">Ordered</h3>

<p>Ordered lists are lists in which the order of the items <em>does</em> matter — let's take a set of directions as an example:</p>

<pre>Drive to the end of the road
Turn right
Go straight across the first two roundabouts
Turn left at the third roundabout
The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road</pre>

<p>The markup structure is the same as for unordered lists, except that you have to wrap the list items in an {{htmlelement("ol")}} element, rather than <code>&lt;ul&gt;</code>:</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;ol&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Drive to the end of the road&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Turn right&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Go straight across the first two roundabouts&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Turn left at the third roundabout&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</pre>

<h4 id="Active_learning_Marking_up_an_ordered_list">Active learning: Marking up an ordered list</h4>

<p>Try editing the live sample below to create your very own HTML ordered list.</p>

<div class="hidden">
<h6 id="Playable_code_3">Playable code</h6>



<pre class="brush: html">&lt;h2&gt;Live output&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Editable code&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="a11y-label"&gt;Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 200px; width: 95%"&gt;Drive to the end of the road
Turn right
Go straight across the first two roundabouts
Turn left at the third roundabout
The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road&lt;/textarea&gt;

&lt;div class="playable-buttons"&gt;
  &lt;input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"&gt;
  &lt;input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</pre>







<pre class="brush: css">html {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

h2 {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.a11y-label {
  margin: 0;
  text-align: right;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  width: 98%;
}

body {
  margin: 10px;
  background: #f5f9fa;
}</pre>







<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code');
var reset = document.getElementById('reset');
var solution = document.getElementById('solution');
var output = document.querySelector('.output');
var code = textarea.value;
var userEntry = textarea.value;

function updateCode() {
  output.innerHTML = textarea.value;
}

reset.addEventListener('click', function() {
  textarea.value = code;
  userEntry = textarea.value;
  solutionEntry = htmlSolution;
  solution.value = 'Show solution';
  updateCode();
});

solution.addEventListener('click', function() {
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    textarea.value = solutionEntry;
    solution.value = 'Hide solution';
  } else {
    textarea.value = userEntry;
    solution.value = 'Show solution';
  }
  updateCode();
});

var htmlSolution = '&lt;ol&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Drive to the end of the road&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Turn right&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Go straight across the first two roundabouts&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Turn left at the third roundabout&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;The school is on your right, 300 meters up the road&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ol&gt;';
var solutionEntry = htmlSolution;

textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode);
window.addEventListener('load', updateCode);

// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and
// make it write a tab at the caret position instead

textarea.onkeydown = function(e){
  if (e.keyCode === 9) {
    e.preventDefault();
    insertAtCaret('\t');
  }

  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    textarea.blur();
  }
};

function insertAtCaret(text) {
  var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;
  var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;

  var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos);
  var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length);
  textarea.value = front + text + back;
  caretPos = caretPos + text.length;
  textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;
  textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;
  textarea.focus();
  textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;
}

// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code

textarea.onkeyup = function(){
  // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,
  // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    userEntry = textarea.value;
  } else {
    solutionEntry = textarea.value;
  }

  updateCode();
};</pre>


</div>

<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_3', 700, 500, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p>

<h3 id="Active_learning_Marking_up_our_recipe_page">Active learning: Marking up our recipe page</h3>

<p>So at this point in the article, you have all the information you need to mark up our recipe page example. You can choose to either save a local copy of our <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/master/html/introduction-to-html/html-text-formatting/text-start.html">text-start.html</a> starting file and do the work there, or do it in the editable example below. Doing it locally will probably be better, as then you'll get to save the work you are doing, whereas if you fill it in to the editable example, it will be lost the next time you open the page. Both have pros and cons.</p>

<div class="hidden">
<h6 id="Playable_code_4">Playable code</h6>





<pre class="brush: html">&lt;h2&gt;Live output&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Editable code&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="a11y-label"&gt;Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 200px; width: 95%"&gt;Quick hummus recipe

  This recipe makes quick, tasty hummus, with no messing. It has been adapted from a number of different recipes that I have read over the years.

  Hummus is a delicious thick paste used heavily in Greek and Middle Eastern dishes. It is very tasty with salad, grilled meats and pitta breads.

  Ingredients

  1 can (400g) of chick peas (garbanzo beans)
  175g of tahini
  6 sundried tomatoes
  Half a red pepper
  A pinch of cayenne pepper
  1 clove of garlic
  A dash of olive oil

  Instructions

  Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely
  Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely
  Add all the ingredients into a food processor
  Process all the ingredients into a paste
  If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time
  If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time

  For a different flavour, you could try blending in a small measure of lemon and coriander, chili pepper, lime and chipotle, harissa and mint, or spinach and feta cheese. Experiment and see what works for you.

  Storage

  Refrigerate the finished hummus in a sealed container. You should be able to use it for about a week after you've made it. If it starts to become fizzy, you should definitely discard it.

  Hummus is suitable for freezing; you should thaw it and use it within a couple of months.&lt;/textarea&gt;

&lt;div class="playable-buttons"&gt;
  &lt;input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"&gt;
  &lt;input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</pre>









<pre class="brush: css">html {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

h2 {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.a11y-label {
  margin: 0;
  text-align: right;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  width: 98%;
}

body {
  margin: 10px;
  background: #f5f9fa;
}</pre>









<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code');
var reset = document.getElementById('reset');
var solution = document.getElementById('solution');
var output = document.querySelector('.output');
var code = textarea.value;
var userEntry = textarea.value;

function updateCode() {
  output.innerHTML = textarea.value;
}

reset.addEventListener('click', function() {
  textarea.value = code;
  userEntry = textarea.value;
  solutionEntry = htmlSolution;
  solution.value = 'Show solution';
  updateCode();
});

solution.addEventListener('click', function() {
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    textarea.value = solutionEntry;
    solution.value = 'Hide solution';
  } else {
    textarea.value = userEntry;
    solution.value = 'Show solution';
  }
  updateCode();
});

var htmlSolution = '&lt;h1&gt;Quick hummus recipe&lt;/h1&gt;\n\n&lt;p&gt;This recipe makes quick, tasty hummus, with no messing. It has been adapted from a number of different recipes that I have read over the years.&lt;/p&gt;\n\n&lt;p&gt;Hummus is a delicious thick paste used heavily in Greek and Middle Eastern dishes. It is very tasty with salad, grilled meats and pitta breads.&lt;/p&gt;\n\n&lt;h2&gt;Ingredients&lt;/h2&gt;\n\n&lt;ul&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;1 can (400g) of chick peas (garbanzo beans)&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;175g of tahini&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;6 sundried tomatoes&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Half a red pepper&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;A pinch of cayenne pepper&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;1 clove of garlic&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;A dash of olive oil&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ul&gt;\n\n&lt;h2&gt;Instructions&lt;/h2&gt;\n\n&lt;ol&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Add all the ingredients into a food processor.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;Process all the ingredients into a paste.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;li&gt;If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time.&lt;/li&gt;\n&lt;/ol&gt;\n\n&lt;p&gt;For a different flavour, you could try blending in a small measure of lemon and coriander, chili pepper, lime and chipotle, harissa and mint, or spinach and feta cheese. Experiment and see what works for you.&lt;/p&gt;\n\n&lt;h2&gt;Storage&lt;/h2&gt;\n\n&lt;p&gt;Refrigerate the finished hummus in a sealed container. You should be able to use it for about a week after you\'ve made it. If it starts to become fizzy, you should definitely discard it.&lt;/p&gt;\n\n&lt;p&gt;Hummus is suitable for freezing; you should thaw it and use it within a couple of months.&lt;/p&gt;';
var solutionEntry = htmlSolution;

textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode);
window.addEventListener('load', updateCode);

// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and
// make it write a tab at the caret position instead

textarea.onkeydown = function(e){
  if (e.keyCode === 9) {
    e.preventDefault();
    insertAtCaret('\t');
  }

  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    textarea.blur();
  }
};

function insertAtCaret(text) {
  var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;
  var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;

  var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos);
  var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length);
  textarea.value = front + text + back;
  caretPos = caretPos + text.length;
  textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;
  textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;
  textarea.focus();
  textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;
}

// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code

textarea.onkeyup = function(){
  // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,
  // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    userEntry = textarea.value;
  } else {
    solutionEntry = textarea.value;
  }

  updateCode();
};</pre>


</div>

<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_4', 900, 500, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p>

<p>If you get stuck, you can always press the <em>Show solution</em> button, or check out our <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/master/html/introduction-to-html/html-text-formatting/text-complete.html">text-complete.html</a> example on our github repo.</p>

<h3 id="Nesting_lists">Nesting lists</h3>

<p>It is perfectly ok to nest one list inside another one. You might want to have some sub-bullets sitting below a top level bullet. Let's take the second list from our recipe example:</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;ol&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Add all the ingredients into a food processor.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Process all the ingredients into a paste.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</pre>

<p>Since the last two bullets are very closely related to the one before them (they read like sub-instructions or choices that fit below that bullet), it might make sense to nest them inside their own unordered list, and put that list inside the current fourth bullet. This would look like so:</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;ol&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Add all the ingredients into a food processor.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Process all the ingredients into a paste.
    &lt;ul&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time.&lt;/li&gt;
      &lt;li&gt;If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time.&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;/ul&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</pre>

<p>Try going back to the previous active learning example and updating the second list like this.</p>

<h2 id="Emphasis_and_importance">Emphasis and importance</h2>

<p>In human language, we often emphasise certain words to alter the meaning of a sentence, and we often want to mark certain words as important or different in some way. HTML provides various semantic elements to allow us to mark up textual content with such effects, and in this section, we'll look at a few of the most common ones.</p>

<h3 id="Emphasis">Emphasis</h3>

<p>When we want to add emphasis in spoken language, we <em>stress</em> certain words, subtly altering the meaning of what we are saying. Similarly, in written language we tend to stress words by putting them in italics. For example, the following two sentences have different meanings.</p>

<p>I am glad you weren't late.</p>

<p>I am <em>glad</em> you weren't <em>late</em>.</p>

<p>The first sentence sounds genuinely relieved that the person wasn't late. In contrast, the second one sounds sarcastic or passive-aggressive, expressing annoyance that the person arrived a bit late.</p>

<p>In HTML we use the {{htmlelement("em")}} (emphasis) element to mark up such instances. As well as making the document more interesting to read, these are recognised by screen readers and spoken out in a different tone of voice. Browsers style this as italic by default, but you shouldn't use this tag purely to get italic styling. To do that, you'd use a {{htmlelement("span")}} element and some CSS, or perhaps an {{htmlelement("i")}} element (see below).</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;p&gt;I am &lt;em&gt;glad&lt;/em&gt; you weren't &lt;em&gt;late&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</pre>

<h3 id="Strong_importance">Strong importance</h3>

<p>To emphasize important words, we tend to stress them in spoken language and <strong>bold</strong> them in written language. For example:</p>

<p>This liquid is <strong>highly toxic</strong>.</p>

<p>I am counting on you. <strong>Do not</strong> be late!</p>

<p>In HTML we use the {{htmlelement("strong")}} (strong importance) element to mark up such instances. As well as making the document more useful, again these are recognized by screen readers and spoken in a different tone of voice. Browsers style this as bold text by default, but you shouldn't use this tag purely to get bold styling. To do that, you'd use a {{htmlelement("span")}} element and some CSS, or perhaps a {{htmlelement("b")}} element (see below).</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;p&gt;This liquid is &lt;strong&gt;highly toxic&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;I am counting on you. &lt;strong&gt;Do not&lt;/strong&gt; be late!&lt;/p&gt;</pre>

<p>You can nest strong and emphasis inside one another if desired:</p>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;p&gt;This liquid is &lt;strong&gt;highly toxic&lt;/strong&gt; —
if you drink it, &lt;strong&gt;you may &lt;em&gt;die&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</pre>

<h3 id="Active_learning_Lets_be_important!">Active learning: Let's be important!</h3>

<p>In this active learning section, we have provided an editable example. Inside it, we'd like you to try adding emphasis and strong importance to the words you think need them, just to have some practice.</p>

<div class="hidden">
<h6 id="Playable_code_5">Playable code</h6>





<pre class="brush: html">&lt;h2&gt;Live output&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="output" style="min-height: 50px;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Editable code&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p class="a11y-label"&gt;Press Esc to move focus away from the code area (Tab inserts a tab character).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;textarea id="code" class="input" style="min-height: 200px; width: 95%"&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Important notice&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On Sunday January 9th 2010, a gang of goths were
  spotted stealing several garden gnomes from a
  shopping center in downtown Milwaukee. They were
  all wearing green jumpsuits and silly hats, and
  seemed to be having a whale of a time. If anyone
   has any information about this incident, please
    contact the police now.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;

&lt;div class="playable-buttons"&gt;
  &lt;input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset"&gt;
  &lt;input id="solution" type="button" value="Show solution"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</pre>







<pre class="brush: css">html {
  font-family: sans-serif;
}

h2 {
  font-size: 16px;
}

.a11y-label {
  margin: 0;
  text-align: right;
  font-size: 0.7rem;
  width: 98%;
}

body {
  margin: 10px;
  background: #f5f9fa;
}</pre>









<pre class="brush: js">var textarea = document.getElementById('code');
var reset = document.getElementById('reset');
var solution = document.getElementById('solution');
var output = document.querySelector('.output');
var code = textarea.value;
var userEntry = textarea.value;

function updateCode() {
  output.innerHTML = textarea.value;
}

reset.addEventListener('click', function() {
  textarea.value = code;
  userEntry = textarea.value;
  solutionEntry = htmlSolution;
  solution.value = 'Show solution';
  updateCode();
});

solution.addEventListener('click', function() {
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    textarea.value = solutionEntry;
    solution.value = 'Hide solution';
  } else {
    textarea.value = userEntry;
    solution.value = 'Show solution';
  }
  updateCode();
});

var htmlSolution = '&lt;h1&gt;Important notice&lt;/h1&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;On &lt;strong&gt;Sunday January 9th 2010&lt;/strong&gt;, a gang of &lt;em&gt;goths&lt;/em&gt; were spotted stealing &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;several&lt;/em&gt; garden gnomes&lt;/strong&gt; from a shopping center in downtown &lt;strong&gt;Milwaukee&lt;/strong&gt;. They were all wearing &lt;em&gt;green jumpsuits&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;silly hats&lt;/em&gt;, and seemed to be having a whale of a time. If anyone has &lt;strong&gt;any&lt;/strong&gt; information about this incident, please contact the police &lt;strong&gt;now&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;';
var solutionEntry = htmlSolution;

textarea.addEventListener('input', updateCode);
window.addEventListener('load', updateCode);

// stop tab key tabbing out of textarea and
// make it write a tab at the caret position instead

textarea.onkeydown = function(e){
  if (e.keyCode === 9) {
    e.preventDefault();
    insertAtCaret('\t');
  }

  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    textarea.blur();
  }
};

function insertAtCaret(text) {
  var scrollPos = textarea.scrollTop;
  var caretPos = textarea.selectionStart;

  var front = (textarea.value).substring(0, caretPos);
  var back = (textarea.value).substring(textarea.selectionEnd, textarea.value.length);
  textarea.value = front + text + back;
  caretPos = caretPos + text.length;
  textarea.selectionStart = caretPos;
  textarea.selectionEnd = caretPos;
  textarea.focus();
  textarea.scrollTop = scrollPos;
}

// Update the saved userCode every time the user updates the text area code

textarea.onkeyup = function(){
  // We only want to save the state when the user code is being shown,
  // not the solution, so that solution is not saved over the user code
  if(solution.value === 'Show solution') {
    userEntry = textarea.value;
  } else {
    solutionEntry = textarea.value;
  }

  updateCode();
};</pre>


</div>

<p>{{ EmbedLiveSample('Playable_code_5', 700, 500, "", "", "hide-codepen-jsfiddle") }}</p>

<h3 id="Italic_bold_underline...">Italic, bold, underline...</h3>

<p>The elements we've discussed so far have clearcut associated semantics. The situation with {{htmlelement("b")}}, {{htmlelement("i")}}, and {{htmlelement("u")}} is somewhat more complicated. They came about so people could write bold, italics, or underlined text in an era when CSS was still supported poorly or not at all. Elements like this, which only affect presentation and not semantics, are known as <strong>presentational elements</strong> and should no longer be used, because as we've seen before, semantics is so important to accessibility, SEO, etc.</p>

<p>HTML5 redefined <code>&lt;b&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;i&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;u&gt;</code> with new, somewhat confusing, semantic roles.</p>

<p>Here's the best rule of thumb: it's likely appropriate to use <code>&lt;b&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;i&gt;</code>, or <code>&lt;u&gt;</code> to convey a meaning traditionally conveyed with bold, italics, or underline, provided there is no more suitable element. However, it always remains critical to keep an accessibility mindset. The concept of italics isn't very helpful to people using screen readers, or to people using a writing system other than the Latin alphabet.</p>

<ul>
 <li>{{HTMLElement('i')}} is used to convey a meaning traditionally conveyed by italic: Foreign words, taxonomic designation, technical terms, a thought...</li>
 <li>{{HTMLElement('b')}} is used to convey a meaning traditionally conveyed by bold: Key words, product names, lead sentence...</li>
 <li>{{HTMLElement('u')}} is used to convey a meaning traditionally conveyed by underline: Proper name, misspelling...</li>
</ul>

<div class="note">
<p>A kind warning about underline: <strong>People strongly associate underlining with hyperlinks.</strong> Therefore, on the Web, it's best to underline only links. Use the <code>&lt;u&gt;</code> element when it's semantically appropriate, but consider using CSS to change the default underline to something more appropriate on the Web. The example below illustrates how it can be done.</p>
</div>

<pre class="brush: html">&lt;!-- scientific names --&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
  The Ruby-throated Hummingbird (&lt;i&gt;Archilochus colubris&lt;/i&gt;)
  is the most common hummingbird in Eastern North America.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- foreign words --&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
  The menu was a sea of exotic words like &lt;i lang="uk-latn"&gt;vatrushka&lt;/i&gt;,
  &lt;i lang="id"&gt;nasi goreng&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i lang="fr"&gt;soupe à l'oignon&lt;/i&gt;.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- a known misspelling --&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
  Someday I'll learn how to &lt;u style="text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-style: wavy;"&gt;spel&lt;/u&gt; better.
&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- Highlight keywords in a set of instructions --&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    &lt;b&gt;Slice&lt;/b&gt; two pieces of bread off the loaf.
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;
    &lt;b&gt;Insert&lt;/b&gt; a tomato slice and a leaf of
    lettuce between the slices of bread.
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</pre>

<h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2>

<p>That's it for now! This article should have given you a good idea of how to start marking up text in HTML, and introduced you to some of the most important elements in this area. There are a lot more semantic elements to cover in this area, and we'll look at a lot more in our 'More Semantic Elements' article, later on in the course. In the next article, we'll be looking in detail at how to <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">create hyperlinks</a>, possibly the most important element on the Web.</p>

<p>{{PreviousMenuNext("Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks", "Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML")}}</p>



<h2 id="In_this_module">In this module</h2>

<ul>
 <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Getting_started">Getting started with HTML</a></li>
 <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/The_head_metadata_in_HTML">What’s in the head? Metadata in HTML</a></li>
 <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">HTML text fundamentals</a></li>
 <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Creating hyperlinks</a></li>
 <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">Advanced text formatting</a></li>
 <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Document and website structure</a></li>
 <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">Debugging HTML</a></li>
 <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">Marking up a letter</a></li>
 <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Structuring a page of content</a></li>
</ul>