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---
title: İçerik görüşmesi
slug: Web/HTTP/Content_negotiation
translation_of: Web/HTTP/Content_negotiation
---
<div>{{HTTPSidebar}}</div>
<p class="summary"><a href="/tr/docs/Glossary/HTTP">HTTP</a> protokolünde, <em><strong>içerik görüşmesi</strong></em> bir kaynağın aynı URI'de farklı biçimlerini sunmak için kullanılan mekanizmadır, bu mekanizma sayesinde kullanıcının programı onun için bunların hangisinin daha uygun olacağını belirleyebilir (örneğin, bir dosyanın hangi dilinin, hangi resim formatının, ya da hangi içerik kodlamasının seçileceği gibi).</p>
<h2 id="İçerik_görüşmesi_prensipleri">İçerik görüşmesi prensipleri</h2>
<p>Belirli bir dosyaya <em>kaynak </em>denir. Bir istemci bu kaynağı elde etmek istediğinde, onun URL'sini kullanarak istekte bulunur. Sunucu bu URL'yi kullanarak bir varyantı seçer – her bir varyanta bir <em>temsil </em>denilir – ve istemciye bu belirli temsili döndürür. Kaynağın kendisinin, ve her bir temsilinin, belirli bir URL'si vardır. How a specific representation is chosen when the resource is called is determined by <em>content negotiation</em> and there are several ways of negotiating between the client and the server.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/13789/HTTPNego.png" style="height: 311px; width: 767px;"></p>
<p>The determination of the best suited representation is made through one of two mechanisms:</p>
<ul>
<li>Specific <a href="/tr/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers">HTTP headers</a> by the client (<em>server-driven negotiation</em> or <em>proactive negotiation</em>), which is the standard way of negotiating a specific kind of resource.</li>
<li>The {{HTTPStatus("300")}} (Multiple Choices) or {{HTTPStatus("406")}} (Not Acceptable) <a href="/tr/docs/Web/HTTP/Status">HTTP response codes</a> by the server (<em>agent-driven negotiation</em> or <em>reactive negotiation</em>), that are used as fallback mechanisms.</li>
</ul>
<p>Over the years, other content negotiation proposals, like <em>transparent content negotiation</em> and the <code>Alternates</code> header, have been proposed. They failed to get traction and got abandoned.</p>
<h2 id="Server-driven_content_negotiation">Server-driven content negotiation</h2>
<p>In <em>server-driven content negotiation</em>, or proactive content negotiation, the browser (or any other kind of user-agent) sends several HTTP headers along with the URL. These headers describe the preferred choice of the user. The server uses them as hints and an internal algorithm chooses the best content to serve to the client. The algorithm is server-specific and not defined in the standard. See, for example, the <a class="external" href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/en/content-negotiation.html#algorithm">Apache 2.2 negotiation algorithm</a>.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/13791/HTTPNegoServer.png" style="height: 380px; width: 767px;"></p>
<p>The HTTP/1.1 standard defines list of the standard headers that start server-driven negotiation ({{HTTPHeader("Accept")}}, {{HTTPHeader("Accept-Charset")}}, {{HTTPHeader("Accept-Encoding")}}, {{HTTPHeader("Accept-Language")}}). Though strictly speaking {{HTTPHeader("User-Agent")}} is not in this list, it is sometimes also used to send a specific representation of the requested resource, though this is not considered as a good practice. The server uses the {{HTTPHeader("Vary")}} header to indicate which headers it actually used for content negotiation (or more precisely the associated response headers), so that <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Caching">caches</a> can work optimally.</p>
<p>In addition to these, there is an experimental proposal to add more headers to the list of available headers, called <em>client hints</em>. Client hints advertise what kind of device the user agent runs on (for example, if it is a desktop computer or a mobile device).</p>
<p>Even if server-driven content negotiation is the most common way to agree on a specific representation of a resource, it has several drawbacks:</p>
<ul>
<li>The server doesn't have total knowledge of the browser. Even with the Client Hints extension, it has not a complete knowledge of the capabilities of the browser. Unlike reactive content negotiation where the client makes the choice, the server choice is always somewhat arbitrary.</li>
<li>The information by the client is quite verbose (HTTP/2 header compression mitigates this problem) and a privacy risk (HTTP fingerprinting)</li>
<li>As several representations of a given resource are sent, shared caches are less efficient and server implementations are more complex.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="The_Accept_header">The <code>Accept</code> header</h3>
<p>The {{HTTPHeader("Accept")}} header lists the MIME types of media resources that the agent is willing to process. It is comma-separated lists of MIME types, each combined with a quality factor, a parameter indicating the relative degree of preference between the different MIME types.</p>
<p>The {{HTTPHeader("Accept")}} header is defined by the browser, or any other user-agent, and can vary according to the context, like fetching an HTML page or an image, a video, or a script: It is different when fetching a document entered in the address bar or an element linked via an {{ HTMLElement("img") }}, {{ HTMLElement("video") }} or {{ HTMLElement("audio") }} element. Browsers are free to use the value of the header that they think is the most adequate; an exhaustive list of <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Content_negotiation/List_of_default_Accept_values">default values for common browsers</a> is available.</p>
<h3 id="The_Accept-CH_header_experimental_inline">The <code>Accept-CH</code> header {{experimental_inline}}</h3>
<div class="note">
<p>This is part of an <strong>experimental</strong> technology called <em>Client Hints</em>. Initial support is in Chrome 46 or later. The Device-Memory value is in Chrome 61 or later.</p>
</div>
<p>The experimental {{HTTPHeader("Accept-CH")}} lists configuration data that can be used by the server to select an appropriate response. Valid values are:</p>
<table class="standard-table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
<th scope="col">Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>Device-Memory</code></td>
<td>Indicates the approximate amount of device RAM. This value is an approximation given by rounding to the nearest power of 2 and dividing that number by 1024. For example, 512 megabytes will be reported as <code>0.5</code>. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>DPR</code></td>
<td>Indicates the client's device pixel ratio.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Viewport-Width</code></td>
<td>Indicates the layout viewport width in CSS pixels. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Width</code></td>
<td>Indicates the resource width in physical pixels (in other words the intrinsic size of an image).</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="The_Accept-Charset_header">The <code>Accept-Charset</code> header</h3>
<p>The {{HTTPHeader("Accept-Charset")}} header indicates to the server what kinds of character encodings are understood by the user-agent. Traditionally, it was set to a different value for each locale for the browser, like <code>ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7</code> for a Western European locale.</p>
<p>With UTF-8 now being well-supported, being the preferred way of encoding characters, <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/01/primer-information-theory-and-privacy">and to guarantee better privacy through less configuration-based entropy</a>, browsers omit the <code>Accept-Charset</code> header: Internet Explorer 8, Safari 5, Opera 11, Firefox 10 and Chrome 27 have abandoned this header.</p>
<h3 id="The_Accept-CH-Lifetime_header">The <code>Accept-CH-Lifetime</code> header</h3>
<div class="note">
<p>This is part of an <strong>experimental</strong> technology called <em>Client Hints </em> and is only available in Chrome 61 or later.</p>
</div>
<p>The {{HTTPHeader("Accept-CH-Lifetime")}} header is used with the <code>Device-Memory</code> value of the <code>Accept-CH</code> header and indicates the amount of time the device should opt-in to sharing the amount of device memory with the server. The value is given in miliseconds and it's use is optional.</p>
<h3 id="The_Accept-Encoding_header">The <code>Accept-Encoding</code> header</h3>
<p>The {{HTTPHeader("Accept-Encoding")}} header defines the acceptable content-encoding (supported compressions). The value is a q-factor list (e.g.: <code>br, gzip;q=0.8</code>) that indicates the priority of the encoding values. The default value <code>identity</code> is at the lowest priority (unless otherwise declared).</p>
<p>Compressing HTTP messages is one of the most important ways to improve the performance of a Web site, it shrinks the size of the data transmitted and makes better use of the available bandwidth; browsers always send this header and the server should be configured to abide to it and to use compression.</p>
<h3 id="The_Accept-Language_header">The <code>Accept-Language</code> header</h3>
<p>The {{HTTPHeader("Accept-Language")}} header is used to indicate the language preference of the user. It is a list of values with quality factors (like: <code>"de, en;q=0.7</code>"). A default value is often set according the language of the graphical interface of the user agent, but most browsers allow to set different language preferences.</p>
<p>Due to the <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/01/primer-information-theory-and-privacy">configuration-based entropy</a> increase, a modified value can be used to fingerprint the user, it is not recommended to change it and a Web site cannot trust this value to reflect the actual wish of the user. Site designers must not be over-zealous by using language detection via this header as it can lead to a poor user experience:</p>
<ul>
<li>They should always provide a way to overcome the server-chosen language, e.g., by providing a language menu on the site. Most user-agents provide a default value for the <code>Accept-Language</code> header, adapted to the user interface language and end users often do not modify it, either by not knowing how, or by not being able to do it, as in an Internet café for instance.</li>
<li>Once a user has overridden the server-chosen language, a site should no longer use language detection and should stick with the explicitly-chosen language. In other words, only entry pages of a site should select the proper language using this header.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="The_User-Agent_header">The <code>User-Agent</code> header</h3>
<div class="note">
<p>Though there are legitimate uses of this header for selecting content, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Browser_detection_using_the_user_agent">it is considered bad practice</a> to rely on it to define what features are supported by the user agent.</p>
</div>
<p>The {{HTTPHeader("User-Agent")}} header identifies the browser sending the request. This string may contain a space-separated list of <em>product tokens</em> and <em>comments</em>.</p>
<p>A <em>product token</em> is a name followed by a '<code>/</code>' and a version number, like <code>Firefox/4.0.1</code>. There may be as many of them as the user-agent wants. A <em>comment</em> is a free string delimited by parentheses. Obviously parentheses cannot be used in that string. The inner format of a comment is not defined by the standard, though several browser put several tokens in it, separated by '<code>;</code>'.</p>
<h3 id="The_Vary_response_header">The <code>Vary</code> response header</h3>
<p>In opposition to the previous <code>Accept-*</code> headers which are sent by the client, the {{HTTPHeader("Vary")}} HTTP header is sent by the web server in its response. It indicates the list of headers used by the server during the server-driven content negotiation phase. The header is needed in order to inform the cache of the decision criteria so that it can reproduce it, allowing the cache to be functional while preventing serving erroneous content to the user.</p>
<p>The special value of '<code>*</code>' means that the server-driven content negotiation also uses information not conveyed in a header to choose the appropriate content.</p>
<p>The <code>Vary</code> header was added in the version 1.1 of HTTP and is necessary in order to allow caches to work appropriately. A cache, in order to work with server-driven content negotiation, needs to know which criteria was used by the server to select the transmitted content. That way, the cache can replay the algorithm and will be able to serve acceptable content directly, without more request to the server. Obviously, the wildcard '<code>*</code>' prevents caching from occurring, as the cache cannot know what element is behind it.</p>
<h2 id="Agent-driven_negotiation">Agent-driven negotiation</h2>
<p>Server-driven negotiation suffers from a few downsides: it doesn't scale well. There is one header per feature used in the negotiation. If you want to use screen size, resolution or other dimensions, a new HTTP header must be created. Sending of the headers must be done on every request. This is not too problematic with few headers, but with the eventual multiplications of them, the message size would lead to a decrease in performance. The more precise headers are sent, the more entropy is sent, allowing for more HTTP fingerprinting and corresponding privacy concern.</p>
<p>From the beginnings of HTTP, the protocol allowed another negotiation type: <em>agent-driven negotiation</em> or <em>reactive negotiation</em>. In this negotiation, when facing an ambiguous request, the server sends back a page containing links to the available alternative resources. The user is presented the resources and choose the one to use.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="https://mdn.mozillademos.org/files/13795/HTTPNego3.png"></p>
<p>Unfortunately, the HTTP standard does not specify the format of the page allowing to choose between the available resource, which prevents to easily automatize the process. Besides falling back to the <em>server-driven negotiation</em>, this method is almost always used in conjunction with scripting, especially with JavaScript redirection: after having checked for the negotiation criteria, the script performs the redirection. A second problem is that one more request is needed in order to fetch the real resource, slowing the availability of the resource to the user.</p>
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