path: root/files/zh-tw/web/javascript/reference/functions/default_parameters/index.html

---
title: 預設參數( Default parameters )
slug: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Default_parameters
translation_of: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Default_parameters
---
<div>{{jsSidebar("Functions")}}</div>

<p><strong>函式預設參數 </strong>允許沒有值傳入或是傳入值為 <code>undefined 的情況下，參數能以指定的預設值初始化。</code></p>

<h2 id="語法">語法</h2>

<pre class="syntaxbox">function [<em>name</em>]([<em>param1</em>[ = defaultValue1 ][, ..., <em>paramN</em>[ = defaultValueN ]]]) {
   <em>要執行的程序</em>
}
</pre>

<h2 id="說明">說明</h2>

<p>在 JavaScript 中，函式的參數預設值都為 <code>{{jsxref("undefined")}} 。然而，指定不同的預設值可能在一些場景很有用。這也是函式參數預設值可以幫上忙的地方。</code></p>

<p>以往設定預設值有個普遍方法：在函式的內容裡檢查傳入參數是否為 <code>undefined ，如果是的話，爲他指定一個值。如下列範例，若函式被呼叫時，並沒有提供 b 的值，它的值就會是 undefined，在計算 a*b 時，以及呼叫 multiply 時，就會回傳 NaN。然而這在範例的第二行被阻止了：</code>:</p>

<pre class="brush: js">function multiply(a, b) {
  b = (typeof b !== 'undefined') ?  b : 1;
  return a * b;
}

multiply(5, 2); // 10
multiply(5, 1); // 5
multiply(5);    // 5
</pre>

<p>有了 ES2015 的預設參數，再也不用於函式進行檢查了，現在只要簡單的在函式的起始處為 b 指定 1 的值：</p>

<pre class="brush: js">function multiply(a, b = 1) {
  return a * b;
}

multiply(5, 2); // 10
multiply(5, 1); // 5
multiply(5);    // 5
</pre>

<h2 id="範例">範例</h2>

<h3 id="傳入_undefined">傳入 <code>undefined</code></h3>

<p>這邊第二段函式呼叫中，僅管第二個傳入參數在呼叫時明確地指定為undefined（雖不是null），其顏色參數的值是預設值（rosybrown）。</p>

<pre class="brush: js">function setBackgroundColor(element, color = 'rosybrown') {
  element.style.backgroundColor = color;
}

setBackgroundColor(someDiv);            // color set to 'rosybrown'
setBackgroundColor(someDiv, undefined); // color set to 'rosybrown' too
setBackgroundColor(someDiv, 'blue');    // color set to 'blue'
</pre>

<h3 id="呼叫時賦予值">呼叫時賦予值</h3>

<p>跟Python等語言不同的地方是，先前預設的代數值會拿來進行函式內的程序，也因此在函式呼叫的時候，會建立新物件。</p>

<pre class="brush: js">function append(value, array = []) {
  array.push(value);
  return array;
}

append(1); //[1]
append(2); //[2], 而非 [1, 2]
</pre>

<p>諸如此類的做法，也適用在函式和變量。</p>

<pre class="brush: js">function callSomething(thing = something()) {
 return thing;
}

function something() {
  return 'sth';
}

callSomething();  //sth</pre>

<h3 id="預設的參數中，先設定的可提供之後設定的使用">預設的參數中，先設定的可提供之後設定的使用</h3>

<p>先前有碰到的參數，後來的即可使用。</p>

<pre class="brush: js">function singularAutoPlural(singular, plural = singular + '們',
                            rallyingCry = plural + '，進攻啊!!!') {
  return [singular, plural, rallyingCry];
}

//["壁虎","壁虎們", "壁虎，進攻啊!!!"]
singularAutoPlural('壁虎');

//["狐狸","火紅的狐狸們", "火紅的狐狸們，進攻啊!!!"]
singularAutoPlural('狐狸', '火紅的狐狸們');

//["鹿兒", "鹿兒們", "鹿兒們 ... 有所好轉"]
singularAutoPlural('鹿兒', '鹿兒們', '鹿兒們平心靜氣的 \
   向政府請願，希望事情有所好轉。');
</pre>

<p>This functionality is approximated in a straight forward fashion and demonstrates how many edge cases are handled.</p>

<pre class="brush: js">function go() {
  return ':P';
}

function withDefaults(a, b = 5, c = b, d = go(), e = this,
                      f = arguments, g = this.value) {
  return [a, b, c, d, e, f, g];
}

function withoutDefaults(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) {
  switch (arguments.length) {
    case 0:
      a;
    case 1:
      b = 5;
    case 2:
      c = b;
    case 3:
      d = go();
    case 4:
      e = this;
    case 5:
      f = arguments;
    case 6:
      g = this.value;
    default:
  }
  return [a, b, c, d, e, f, g];
}

withDefaults.call({value: '=^_^='});
// [undefined, 5, 5, ":P", {value:"=^_^="}, arguments, "=^_^="]


withoutDefaults.call({value: '=^_^='});
// [undefined, 5, 5, ":P", {value:"=^_^="}, arguments, "=^_^="]
</pre>

<h3 id="函式內再定義函式">函式內再定義函式</h3>

<p>Introduced in Gecko 33 {{geckoRelease(33)}}. Functions declared in the function body cannot be referred inside default parameters and throw a {{jsxref("ReferenceError")}} (currently a {{jsxref("TypeError")}} in SpiderMonkey, see {{bug(1022967)}}). Default parameters are always executed first, function declarations inside the function body evaluate afterwards.</p>

<pre class="brush: js">// 行不通的！ 最後會丟出 ReferenceError。
function f(a = go()) {
  function go() { return ':P'; }
}
</pre>

<h3 id="Parameters_without_defaults_after_default_parameters">Parameters without defaults after default parameters</h3>

<p>Prior to Gecko 26 {{geckoRelease(26)}}, the following code resulted in a {{jsxref("SyntaxError")}}. This has been fixed in {{bug(777060)}} and works as expected in later versions. Parameters are still set left-to-right, overwriting default parameters even if there are later parameters without defaults.</p>

<pre class="brush: js">function f(x = 1, y) {
  return [x, y];
}

f(); // [1, undefined]
f(2); // [2, undefined]
</pre>

<h3 id="Destructured_parameter_with_default_value_assignment">Destructured parameter with default value assignment</h3>

<p>You can use default value assignment with the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Destructuring_assignment">destructuring assignment</a> notation:</p>

<pre class="brush: js">function f([x, y] = [1, 2], {z: z} = {z: 3}) {
  return x + y + z;
}

f(); // 6</pre>

<h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2>

<table class="standard-table">
 <tbody>
  <tr>
   <th scope="col">Specification</th>
   <th scope="col">Status</th>
   <th scope="col">Comment</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td>{{SpecName('ES2015', '#sec-function-definitions', 'Function Definitions')}}</td>
   <td>{{Spec2('ES2015')}}</td>
   <td>Initial definition.</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td>{{SpecName('ESDraft', '#sec-function-definitions', 'Function Definitions')}}</td>
   <td>{{Spec2('ESDraft')}}</td>
   <td></td>
  </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

<h2 id="瀏覽器的兼容性">瀏覽器的兼容性</h2>

<div>{{CompatibilityTable}}</div>

<div>
<table class="compat-table">
 <tbody>
  <tr>
   <th>功能特徵</th>
   <th>Chrome</th>
   <th>Firefox (Gecko)</th>
   <th>Internet Explorer</th>
   <th>Opera</th>
   <th>Safari</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td>基本支援</td>
   <td>{{CompatChrome(49)}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatGeckoDesktop("15.0")}}</td>
   <td>Edge</td>
   <td>{{CompatNo}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatSafari(10)}}</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td>Parameters without defaults after default parameters</td>
   <td>{{CompatChrome(49)}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatGeckoDesktop("26.0")}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatSafari(10)}}</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td>Destructured parameter with default value assignment</td>
   <td>{{CompatChrome(49)}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatGeckoDesktop("41.0")}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
  </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
</div>

<div>
<table class="compat-table">
 <tbody>
  <tr>
   <th>功能特徵</th>
   <th>Android</th>
   <th>Android Webview</th>
   <th>Firefox Mobile (Gecko)</th>
   <th>IE Mobile</th>
   <th>Opera Mobile</th>
   <th>Safari Mobile</th>
   <th>Chrome for Android</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td>基本支援</td>
   <td>{{CompatNo}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatChrome(49)}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatGeckoMobile("15.0")}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatNo}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatNo}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatNo}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatChrome(49)}}</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td>Parameters without defaults after default parameters</td>
   <td>{{CompatNo}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatChrome(49)}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatGeckoMobile("26.0")}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatChrome(49)}}</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td>Destructured parameter with default value assignment</td>
   <td>{{CompatNo}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatGeckoMobile("41.0")}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
   <td>{{CompatUnknown}}</td>
  </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
</div>

<h2 id="要不要也看看">要不要也看看</h2>

<ul>
 <li><a class="external" href="http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:parameter_default_values" rel="external" title="http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:parameter_default_values">Original proposal at ecmascript.org</a></li>
</ul>