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----
-title: 类私有域
-slug: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/Private_class_fields
-tags:
-  - JavaScript
-  - 类
-  - 语言特性
-translation_of: Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/Private_class_fields
----
-<div>{{JsSidebar("Classes")}}</div>
-
-<p>类属性在默认情况下是公共的，可以被外部类检测或修改。在<a href="https://github.com/tc39/proposal-class-fields">ES2020 实验草案</a> 中，增加了定义私有类字段的能力，写法是使用一个#作为前缀。</p>
-
-<h2 id="语法">语法</h2>
-
-<pre class="brush: js notranslate">class ClassWithPrivateField {
-  #privateField
-}
-
-class ClassWithPrivateMethod {
-  #privateMethod() {
-    return 'hello world'
- }
-}
-
-class ClassWithPrivateStaticField {
-  static #PRIVATE_STATIC_FIELD
-}
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="例子"> 例子</h2>
-
-<h3 id="私有静态字段">私有静态字段</h3>
-
-<p>私有字段可以被类的构造方法（constructor）从内部声明。</p>
-
-<p>静态变量只能被静态方法调用的限制仍然成立。</p>
-
-<pre class="brush: js notranslate">class ClassWithPrivateStaticField {
-  static #PRIVATE_STATIC_FIELD
-
-  static publicStaticMethod() {
-    ClassWithPrivateStaticField.#PRIVATE_STATIC_FIELD = 42
-    return ClassWithPrivateStaticField.#PRIVATE_STATIC_FIELD
-  }
-}
-
-assert(ClassWithPrivateStaticField.publicStaticMethod() === 42)</pre>
-
-<p>在类评估时，私有静态字段被添加到类构造函数中。</p>
-
-<p>私有静态字段有一个来源限制， 只有定义该私有静态字段的类能访问该字段。</p>
-
-<p>这可能会导致：当使用<strong><code>this</code></strong>时出现意想不到的行为。</p>
-
-<pre class="brush: js notranslate">class BaseClassWithPrivateStaticField {
-  static #PRIVATE_STATIC_FIELD
-
-  static basePublicStaticMethod() {
-    this.#PRIVATE_STATIC_FIELD = 42
-    return this.#PRIVATE_STATIC_FIELD
-  }
-}
-
-class SubClass extends BaseClassWithPrivateStaticField { }
-
-assertThrows(() =&gt; SubClass.basePublicStaticMethod(), TypeError)
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="私有实例字段">私有实例字段</h3>
-
-<p>私有实例字段使用 <strong>＃名称</strong>（发音为“哈希名称”）声明，这些名称以 <code>#</code>开头。  <code>#</code>是名称本身的一部分， 声明和访问时也需要加上。</p>
-
-<p>封装由语言强制执行。 从作用域之外引用＃名称是语法错误。</p>
-
-<pre class="brush: js notranslate">class ClassWithPrivateField {
-  #privateField
-
-  constructor() {
-    this.#privateField = 42
-    this.#randomField = 666 // Syntax error
-  }
-}
-
-const instance = new ClassWithPrivateField()
-instance.#privateField === 42 // Syntax error
-</pre>
-
-<h3 id="私有方法">私有方法</h3>
-
-<h4 id="私有静态方法">私有静态方法</h4>
-
-<p>像它们的公有等价方法一样，私有静态方法是在类本身而非类的实例上调用的。 像私有静态字段一样，只能从类声明内部访问它们。</p>
-
-<p>私有静态方法可能是生成器方法，异步方法和异步生成器方法。</p>
-
-<pre class="brush: js notranslate">class ClassWithPrivateStaticMethod {
-    static #privateStaticMethod() {
-        return 42
-    }
-
-    static publicStaticMethod1() {
-        return ClassWithPrivateStaticMethod.#privateStaticMethod();
-    }
-
-    static publicStaticMethod2() {
-        return this.#privateStaticMethod();
-    }
-}
-
-assert(ClassWithPrivateStaticField.publicStaticMethod1() === 42);
-assert(ClassWithPrivateStaticField.publicStaticMethod2() === 42);
-</pre>
-
-<p>使用<strong><code>this</code></strong>可能会导致意想不到的行为（因为<code>this</code>绑定规则适用）。</p>
-
-<pre class="brush: js notranslate">class Base {
-    static #privateStaticMethod() {
-        return 42;
-    }
-    static publicStaticMethod1() {
-        return Base.#privateStaticMethod();
-    }
-    static publicStaticMethod2() {
-        return this.#privateStaticMethod();
-    }
-}
-
-class Derived extends Base {}
-
-console.log(Derived.publicStaticMethod1()); // 42
-console.log(Derived.publicStaticMethod2()); // TypeError
-</pre>
-
-<h4 id="私有实例方法">私有实例方法</h4>
-
-<p>私有实例方法是类实例上可用的方法，它们的访问方式与私有实例字段相同。</p>
-
-<pre class="brush: js notranslate">class ClassWithPrivateMethod {
-  #privateMethod() {
-    return 'hello world'
-  }
-
-  getPrivateMessage() {
-      return this.#privateMethod()
-  }
-}
-
-const instance = new ClassWithPrivateMethod()
-console.log(instance.getPrivateMessage())
-// expected output: "hello worl​d"</pre>
-
-<p>私有实例方法可以是生成器方法，异步方法或异步生成器方法。 私有的getter和setter也是可能的：</p>
-
-<pre class="brush: js notranslate">class ClassWithPrivateAccessor {
-  #message
-
-  get #decoratedMessage() {
-    return `✨${this.#message}✨`
-  }
-  set #decoratedMessage(msg) {
-    this.#message = msg
-  }
-
-  constructor() {
-    this.#decoratedMessage = 'hello world'
-    console.log(this.#decoratedMessage)
-  }
-}
-
-new ClassWithPrivateAccessor();
-// expected output: "✨hello worl​d✨"
-</pre>
-
-<h2 id="规范">规范</h2>
-
-<table class="standard-table">
- <thead>
-  <tr>
-   <th scope="col">Specification</th>
-  </tr>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
-  <tr>
-   <td>{{SpecName('Public and private instance fields', '#prod-FieldDefinition', 'FieldDefinition')}}</td>
-  </tr>
- </tbody>
-</table>
-
-<h2 id="浏览器兼容性">浏览器兼容性</h2>
-
-<p>{{Compat("javascript.classes.private_class_fields")}}</p>
-
-<h2 id="相关链接">相关链接</h2>
-
-<ul>
- <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Classes/Public_class_fields">Public class fields</a></li>
- <li><a href="https://rfrn.org/~shu/2018/05/02/the-semantics-of-all-js-class-elements.html">The Semantics of All JS Class Elements</a></li>
-</ul>